University of Minnesota http://www.umn.edu/ 612-625-5000 Minnesota Biodiversity AtlasBell Museum Includes taxa from following child checklists:
Authors:
Anita Cholewa, George Weiblen, Katie Noren & Timothy Whitfeld
Less Details
Locality: Minnesota Abstract: A comprehensive, annotated list of the vascular plants known, or reported, to occur in Minnesota Family membership is according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (Bot. J. The checklist was originally developed as a document by Anita Cholewa and was subsequently
Common names as given in the USDA-NRCS Plants database (2008) are also provided, Protection status is indicated for species listed as either endangered, threatened or Click on a scientific name to view specimens and a distribution map.
Families: 159
Genera: 811
Species: 2693
Total Taxa (details): 2877
Ruellia humilis Nuttall - fringeleaf wild petunia
reported for Minnesota (Washington Co.) by MN-DNR but no specimens at MIN; known from NE, IA, WI, south- and eastward; special concern Acorus americanus (Rafinesque) Rafinesque - sweetflag
root extract reportedly repels some insects Acorus calamus L. - calamus
native to Europe; sterile polyploid species Adoxa moschatellina L. - moschatel
Sambucus nigra L. - black elderberry
Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis (L.) Bolli - black elderberry
Sambucus racemosa L. - red berried elder
Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa - red elderberry
Viburnum acerifolium L. - mapleleaf viburnum
erroneous report Viburnum edule (Michaux) Rafinesque - squashberry
Viburnum lantana L. - wayfaring tree
native to Eurasia Viburnum lentago L. - nannyberry
Viburnum opulus L. - European cranberrybush
Viburnum opulus var. americanum Aiton - highbush cranberry
Viburnum opulus var. opulus - snowball bush
native to Eurasia Viburnum rafinesquianum J.S. Schultes - downy arrowwood
Viburnum rafinesquianum var. affine (Bush ex C.K. Schneider) House - downy arrowwood
Viburnum rafinesquianum var. rafinesquianum - downy arrowwood
Alisma gramineum Lej. - grass leaved water plantain
special concern Alisma subcordatum Rafinesque - heart leaf water plantain
Alisma triviale Pursh - common water plantain
Sagittaria brevirostra Mackenzie & Bush - Midwestern arrowhead
endangered Sagittaria calycina Engelm. - hooded arrowhead
Sagittaria calycina var. calycina - hooded arrowhead
threatened Sagittaria cristata Engelmann - crested arrowhead
Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldon - wapato
Sagittaria graminea Michaux - grassy arrowhead
Sagittaria graminea subsp. graminea - grass leaf arrowhead
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow - wapato
corms are edible Sagittaria montevidensis Chamisso & Schlechtendal - giant arrowhead
Sagittaria montevidensis subsp. calycina (Engelmann) Bogin - hooded arrowhead
Sagittaria rigida Pursh - sessilefruit arrowhead
Allium canadense L. - meadow garlic
Allium canadense var. canadense - wild garlic
Allium cernuum Roth - nodding wild onion
The nectar and pollen of the nodding flowers attract primarily bees, including honeybees, bumblebees, Anthophorine bees (Anthophora spp.), and Halictid bees (Lasioglossum spp.). Insects that feed destructively on the foliage, bulbs, and other parts of Nodding Onion and other onion species (Allium spp.) include the Onion Plant Bug (Lindbergocapsus allii) and a similar plant bug (Lindbergocapsus ainsliei), larvae of the False Japanese Beetle (Strigoderma arbicola), larvae of the Onion Maggot (Delia antiqua), larvae of the Black Onion fly (Tritoxa flava), larvae of the Onion Bulb Fly (Eumerus strigatus), and Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci); special concern, source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/nod_onionx.htm Allium hollandicum R.M. Fritsch - Persian onion
hybrid ornamental rarely escaping; known only from St. Louis Co. (one roadside population, collected 2005); Allium schoenoprasum L. - wild chives
vars. not recognized; endangered Allium stellatum Ker-Gawler - prairie onion
Allium textile A. Nelson & J.F. Macbride - white wild onion
Allium tricoccum Aiton - wild leek
Allium tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes - Burdick
Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum - wild leek
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. - Chinese chives
Allium x proliferum (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd. - Egyptian walking onion
Amaranthus albus L. - tumbleweed
native to Eurasia; often confused with A. blitoides Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson - prostrate pigweed
considered native to the central US by FNA; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1886, Winona Co. Amaranthus caudatus L. - love-lies-bleeding
report unverified Amaranthus graecizans L. - Mediterranean amaranth
misapplied to North American flora, see A. albus or A. blitoides; misapplied name Amaranthus hybridus L. - smooth pigweed
native to eastern US; highly variable and often confused with A. powellii or A. retroflexus; Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. - prince's feather
native to southwestern US; adventive near cultivated fields but unlikely to be persisting; Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson - Palmer's amaranth
native to southern North America Amaranthus powellii S. Watson - tall amaranth
native to southwestern US; often hybridizes with A. hybridus Amaranthus retroflexus L. - redroot amaranth
Amaranthus retroflexus var. retroflexus - redroot
native to subtropical America; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1880, Wabasha Co.; highly variable and poisonous to livestock Amaranthus spinosus L. - spiny amaranth
native to tropical America; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moquin-Tandon) J.D. Sauer - tamarack waterhemp
Atriplex argentea Nuttall - silverscale saltbush
Atriplex argentea var. argentea - silverscale saltbush
expected in Minnesota Atriplex dioica (Nuttall) J.F. Macbride - thickleaf orach
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Manitoba, ND, SD on saline soils Atriplex glabriuscula - Scotland orache
Atriplex glabriuscula var. glabriuscula - Scotland orache
erroneous report Atriplex heterosperma Bunge - twoscale saltbush
western species reported for Minnesota by the Atlas of the Great Plains but no specimens at MIN Atriplex hortensis L. - orache
native to Asia; known only from Pipestone Co. (one urban population, collected 1925) Atriplex patula L. - spear orach
native to the Mediterranean region Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex de Candolle - spearscale
native to Eurasia Axyris amaranthoides L. - Russian pigweed
native to Siberia Beta vulgaris L. - sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris - sea beet
native to Europe; known only from Roseau Co. (one riverside population, collected 1939) but doubtfully persisting Chenopodium album L. - common pigweed
Chenopodium berlandieri Moquin-Tandon - pigweed
Chenopodium berlandieri var. bushianum (Aellen) Cronquist - Bush's goosefoot
Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackei (Murr) Murr ex Asch. - Zschack's goosefoot
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. - blite goosefoot
Chenopodium capitatum var. capitatum (L.) Ambrosi - strawberry blite
Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nelson - narrow leaf goosefoot
native to western US; known only from Wabasha Co. (collected 1983) Chenopodium foggii Wahl - Fogg's goosefoot
eastern species erroneously reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS; probably misidentified C. standleyanum or C. pratericola; erroneous record Chenopodium glaucum L. - oak leaf goosefoot
Chenopodium glaucum var. glaucum - oakleaf goosefoot
Chenopodium glaucum var. salinum (Standley) B. Boivin - oak leaf goosefoot
Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moquin-Tandon) Nuttall ex S. Watson - narrowleaf goosefoot
often confused with C. pratericola Chenopodium pratericola Rydberg - narrow leaf goosefoot
Chenopodium rubrum L. - alkali blite
Chenopodium rubrum var. humile (Hooker) S. Watson - marshland goosefoot
Chenopodium rubrum var. rubrum - red goosefoot
Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Rafinesque - mapleleaf goosefoot
Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen - woodland goosefoot
Chenopodium strictum Roth - lateflowering goosefoot
known only from Mille Lacs Co. (collected 1892); native and introduced forms exist but are difficult to distinguish Chenopodium urbicum L. - city goosefoot
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Corispermum americanum (Nuttall) Nuttall - American bugseed
Corispermum americanum var. americanum - neat bugseed
Corispermum nitidum Kitaibel ex Schultes - shiny bugseed
misapplied to our flora, see C. americanum; misapplied name misapplied to our flora, see C. villosum; misapplied name Corispermum pallasii Steven - hyssop leaved bugseed
Corispermum villosum Rydberg - eastern bugseed
Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Sprengel) J.M. Coulter - winged pigweed
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants - Mexican-tea
to be expected in the far southeast corner (known from IA, WI), on drying river beds and lake bottoms Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants - Jerusalem oak goosefoot
native to Eurasia Froelichia floridana (Nuttall) Moquin-Tandon - prairie cottonweed
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader - burningbush
Kochia scoparia subsp. scoparia - summer cypress
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1932 in both Dakota and Hennepin counties Monolepis nuttalliana (Schultes) Greene - Nuttall's povertyweed
Salicornia rubra A. Nelson - western glasswort
eastern limit of distribution; threatened Salsola collina Pallas - salsola tumbleweed
native to Siberia Salsola kali L. - tumbleweed
misapplied to our flora, see S. tragus Salsola tragus L. - tumbleweed
native to Eurasia; state DOA listed weed, first collected 1890, Hennepin Co. Suaeda calceoliformis (Hooker) Moquin-Tandon - sea blite
Rhus aromatica Aiton - fragrant sumac
Rhus aromatica var. aromatica - fragrant sumac
native to eastern and southern US Rhus glabra L. - northern smooth sumac
Oak Savanna, Rhùs, ancient Greek and Latin name; glà-bra, glabrous Rhus typhina L. - staghorn sumac
Oak Savanna, Rhùs, ancient Greek and Latin name;ty-phì-na, like Typha, cattail, because of the velvety branches Rhus x borealis Greene - hybrid sumac
(R. glabra x typhina) Rhus x pulvinata Greene - northern smooth sumac
uncertain status; see Rhus glabra Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze - eastern poison ivy
Oak Savanna Toxicodendron radicans var. negundo (Greene) Gillis - eastern poison-ivy
state DOA noxious weed; can cause severe skin irritation Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydberg) Greene - common poison ivy
state DOA noxious weed; can cause severe skin irritation Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze - poison sumac
can cause severe skin irritation Aegopodium podagraria L. - bishop's goutweed
native to Eurasia; known to be an aggressive invader in other regions Aethusa cynapium L. - fool's parsley
native to Eurasia Anethum graveolens L. - dill
Angelica atropurpurea L. - purplestem angelica
Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fernald - hairy angelica
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from MO, IL, MI in dry woods Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffman - wild chervil
native to Europe Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville - stream parsnip
threatened Carum carvi L. - caraway
native to Eurasia Cicuta bulbifera L. - bulblet-bearing water hemlock
Cicuta maculata L. - spotted water hemlock
Cicuta maculata var. angustifolia Hook. - spotted water hemlock
Cicuta maculata var. bolanderi (S. Wats.) G. Mulligan - spotted water hemlock
Cicuta maculata var. maculata - spotted water hemlock
one of the deadliest poisonous plants in the US, to humans and animals Conioselinum chinense (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg - eastern hemlockparsley
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA in wet meadows and swamps Conium maculatum L. - poison hemlock
native to Eurasia; plants deadly poisonous to humans and animals (the poison of Socrates); first collected 1992 Coriandrum sativum L. - coriander
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) de Candolle - Canadian honewort
Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Rafinesque - plains springparsley
Cymopterus acaulis var. acaulis - plains springparsley
eastern limit of distribution; known only from Clay Co. (one roadside population, collected 1960) special concern Daucus carota L. - wild carrot
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1916, Ramsey Co. Eryngium yuccifolium Michaux - rattlesnake master
The flowering heads attract many kinds of insects, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, skippers, moths, beetles, and plant bugs. These insects usually seek nectar, although some of the bees may collect pollen for their brood nests. The caterpillars of the rare Papaipema eryngii (Rattlesnake Master Borer Moth) bore into the stems and feed on the pith.; special concern, source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/rattlesnakex.htm Foeniculum vulgare Mill. - sweet fennel
Heracleum maximum W. Bartram - common cow-parsnip
Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch - garden lovage
native to Mediterranean region; reported for Minnesota as a garden escape by UDSA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Lomatium orientale J.M. Coulter & Rose - desert parsley
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. - Java waterdropwort
Osmorhiza berteroi DC. - sweetcicely
endangered Osmorhiza claytonii (Michaux) C.B. Clarke - Clayton's sweetroot
Osmorhiza depauperata R.A. Philippi - blunt fruit sweet cicely
known only from Cook Co. (last collected 2003); special concern Osmorhiza longistylis (Torrey) de Candolle - aniseroot
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. - stiff cowbane
Pastinaca sativa L. - wild parsnip
native to Eurasia; can cause severe skin irritation Pimpinella saxifraga L. - solidstem burnet saxifrage
native to Eurasia; known only from Pine Co. (one field population, collected 1982) Polytaenia nuttallii de Candolle - Nuttall's prairie parsley
known only from Fillmore Co. (last collected 1915); special concern Sanicula canadensis L. - Canadian black snakeroot
Sanicula canadensis var. canadensis - Canadian black snakeroot
Sanicula canadensis var. grandis Fernald - Canadian black snakeroot
Sanicula gregaria E.P. Bicknell - gregarious black snakeroot
Sanicula marilandica L. - Maryland sanicle
Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe - gregarious black snakeroot
Sanicula trifoliata E.P. Bicknell - beaked snakeroot
special concern Sium carsonii Durand ex A. Gray - Carson's waterparsnip
erroneous report Sium suave Walter - hemlock waterparsnip
Spermolepis inermis (Nuttall ex de Candolle) Mathias & Constance - unarmed scaleseed
native to southern Great Plains; known only from Fillmore Co. (one trailside population, collected 1994) but doubtfully persisting Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude - yellow pimpernel
special concern Thaspium barbinode (Michaux) Nuttall - hairyjoint meadow parsnip
special concern Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray - purple meadow parsnip
Thaspium trifoliatum var. aureum (Nutt.) Britton - purple meadow parsnip
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IL Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. - erect hedge parsley
native to Eurasia and northern Africa; known only from Ramsey Co. (one park population, collected 2009) Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald - heart leaf alexanders
Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch - golden alexanders
The flowers are attractive to many kinds of insects seeking pollen or nectar, especially short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, and beetles. Among the short-tongued bees are such visitors as Green Metallic bees, Masked bees, and Andrenid bees (including the oligolege, Andrena ziziae). Wasp visitors include Eumenine wasps, spider wasps, Ichneumonid wasps, and Crabronine wasps. Such long-tongued bees as bumblebees, cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.) also visit the flowers, as do some small butterflies and true bugs. Caterpillars of the butterflies Papilio polyxenes asterius (Black Swallowtail) and Papilio joanae (Ozark Swallowtail) feed on the leaves and flowers, while caterpillars of Papaipema rigida (Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth) bore through the stems. Two aphids, Aphis saniculae and Aphis thaspii, suck plant juices from Golden Alexanders and similar species in the Carrot family., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/gld_alexanderx.htm Apocynum androsaemifolium L. - spreading dogbane
plants poisonous Apocynum cannabinum L. - clasping dogbane
plants poisonous Apocynum sibiricum Jacquin - clasping dogbane
included in A. cannabinum by some Apocynum x floribundum Greene - intermediate dogbane
(A. androsaemifolium x cannabinum) Asclepias amplexicaulis J.E. Smith - clasping milkweed
threatened Asclepias exaltata L. - poke milkweed
Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson - prairie milkweed
The flowers of Tall Green Milkweed are cross-pollinated primarily by long-tongued bees and wasps. Bee visitors include honeybees, bumblebees, and leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.). To a lesser extent, the flowers also attract small butterflies and day-flying moths (e.g., Cisseps fulvicollis). These insects obtain nectar from the flowers. Milkweeds attract a special group of insects that are oligophagous on various parts of these plants. These insect feeders include caterpillars of the butterfly Danaus plexippus (Monarch) and caterpillars of the moths Cycnia inopinatus (Unexpected Cycnia), Cycnia tenera (Delicate Cycnia), and Euchaetes egle (Milkweed Tiger Moth). The larvae of some long-horned beetles bore through the stems and roots of milkweeds, specifically: Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Red Milkweed Beetle), Tetraopes femoratus (Large Red Milkweed Beetle), and Tetraopes quinquemaculatus. When the follicles of milkweeds are present, the seeds are eaten by Lygaeus kalmii (Small Milkweed Bug) and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Large Milkweed Bug). Occasionally, aphids are found on the upper stems and leaf undersides; these species include Aphis asclepiadis, Myzocallis asclepiadis, Myzocallis punctatus, and Aphis nerii (Introduced Milkweed Aphid).;threatened, source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/tg_milkweed.htm Asclepias incarnata L. - swamp milkweed
Swamp milkweed attracts a variety of butterflies, especially the monarch butterfly. Besides feeding on the nectar, the monarch butterfly only lays it eggs on milkweeds. In addition to monarch butterflies, insects that are specialized to feed on milkweed include seed bugs (Lygaeus kalmii, Oncopeltus spp.), longhorn beetles (Tetraopes spp.) that feed on foliage and roots, stem weevils (Rhyssomatus lineaticollis), and the oleander aphid (Aphis nerii)., source: https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_incarnata.shtml, source: https://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Milkweeds-of-Central-US_plus-vendors_XercesSociety.pdf Asclepias incarnata subsp. incarnata - swamp milkweed
Asclepias lanuginosa Nuttall - woolly milkweed
Asclepias ovalifolia J. Decaisne - oval-leaf milkweed
Asclepias purpurascens L. - purple milkweed
known only from Wabasha Co. (historical collection from 1883); rare historic record; specimen redetermined as Asclepias syriaca (Mark Fishbein, May 2023) Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. - fourleaf milkweed
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from IA, IL in dry woods Asclepias speciosa Torrey - showy milkweed
Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray - slimleaf milkweed
endangered Asclepias sullivantii Engelmann ex A. Gray - Sullivant
northern limit of distribution; threatened Asclepias syriaca L. - common milkweed
state DOA noxious (CN) weed Asclepias tuberosa L. - butterfly milkweed
This milkweed attracts bumblebees, monarchs, eastern tiger swallowtails, fritillaries, hairstreaks, honeybees, painted ladies, pipevine swallowtails, and more., source: https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/milkweed-plant-seed-resources/asclepias-tuberosa-butterfly-weed/ Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior Woodson - butterflyweed
Asclepias verticillata L. - whorled milkweed
Asclepias viridiflora Rafinesque - green milkweed
Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi - Louise's swallow-wort
Vinca minor L. - common periwinkle
native to southern Europe; occasionally escaping from cultivation and persisting but no specimens at MIN Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench - Louise's swallow-wort
native to Europe; known only from Ramsey Co. (last collected 1997) Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray - common winterberry
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott - green-dragon
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals; special concern Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott - jack in the pulpit
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals; subspp. not formally recognized by FNA since numerous intermediate forms exist with much overlap in character expression Calla palustris L. - wild calla
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals Lemna minor L. - lesser duckweed
most of our specimens were misidentified and instead are L. turionifera Lemna obscura (Austin) Daubs - little duckweed
northern limit of distribution known only from Washington Co. (one population, collected 1988); DNR watch list Lemna perpusilla Torrey - minute duckweed
Lemna trisulca L. - star duckweed
status: not endemic; distribution: PNG & Indonesia; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: aquatic; verified by: A. Hay; reference: none; expert comment: none; basionym published: 1753 Lemna turionifera Landolt - turion duckweed
Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott - green arrow arum
disjunct from central Great Lakes region; known only from Cook Co. (one population, collected 1995) Pistia stratiotes L. - water lettuce
Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleiden - greater duckweed
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisbury ex W. P. C. Barton - skunk cabbage
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals; roots toxic Wolffia brasiliensis Weddell - spotted watermeal
misapplied; see Wolffia borealis Wolffia columbiana H. Karsten - Columbian watermeal
Wolffia punctata Griseb. - spotted watermeal
misapplied to our flora, see W. borealis Aralia hispida Ventenant - bristly sarsaparilla
Aralia nudicaulis L. - wild sarsaparilla
Upland-Conifer Forest, Ginseng Family Aralia racemosa L. - American spikenard
Aralia racemosa subsp. racemosa - American spikenard
Hydrocotyle americana L. - American water pennywort
special concern Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. - buttercup marsh pennywort
possibly introduced, disjunct from eastern OH and TN; known only from Scott Co. (Shakopee-Mdewakanton tribal lands, collected 2007) Hydrocotyle umbellata L. - many-flower marsh pennywort
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from MI, IL Panax quinquefolius L. - American ginseng
special concern Panax trifolius L. - dwarf ginseng
Asarum canadense L. - Canadian wildginger
Asparagus officinalis L. - garden asparagus
native to Eurasia and north Africa, but evidence suggests that American Indians traded this in pre-European times Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. - common grape hyacinth
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Ornithogalum umbellatum L. - star of bethlehem
native to Eurasia and north Africa; rarely escaping cultivation Scilla siberica Haworth - Siberican squill
native to Russia; rarely escaping cultivation Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Stearns & Poggenburg - ebony spleenwort
special concern Asplenium rhizophyllum L. - walking fern
Asplenium trichomanes L. - maindenhair spleenwort
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes - maindenhair spleenwort
threatened Achillea alpina L. - Siberian yarrow
southern limit of distribution; known only from Roseau Co. (last collected 1983); threatened Achillea millefolium L. - common yarrow
both native and introduced forms exist but are not distinguishable except on a molecular level; although much morphological variability occurs subsp. and vars. not recognized, the differences are not considered taxonomically important Achillea nobilis L. - noble yarrow
native to Europe; apparantly introduced with wildlife planting Achillea ptarmica L. - sneezeweed
native to Eurasia Acroptilon repens (L.) de Candolle - Russian knapweed
native to Asia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, known only from Lac Qui Parle Co. (one crop field population, collected 1981) Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. - American trailplant
erroneous report Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. - white snakeroot
Ageratina altissima var. altissima - white snakeroot
roots and leaves toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to livestock Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. - pale agoseris
Agoseris glauca var. glauca - glaucous false dandelion
Agoseris parviflora (Nuttall) Greene - false agoseris
erroneous report Agoseris x agrestis - pale agoseris
erroneous report Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hooker - flatspine burr ragweed
native to western US, known only from Hennepin Co. (historical collections to 1896) Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. - common ragweed
state DOA noxious (CN) weed; pollen causes allergies Ambrosia bidentata Michaux - lanceleaf ragweed
known only from Ramsey Co. (one gravel pit population, collected 1914) Ambrosia psilostachya de Candolle - western ragweed
Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. - skeleton-leaf burr ragweed
to be expected on disturbed wet clays or sands (known from ND, SD, IA, WI) Ambrosia trifida L. - giant ragweed
state DOA noxious (CN) weed; pollen causes allergies Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Bentham & Hooker f. - western pearly everlasting
Antennaria howellii Greene - field pussytoes
Antennaria howellii subsp. canadensis (Greene) R.J. Bayer - Canadian pussytoes
Antennaria howellii subsp. howellii - Howell's pussytoes
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, SD and westward Antennaria howellii subsp. neodioica (Greene) R.J. Bayer - Howell's pussytoes
Antennaria howellii subsp. petaloidea (Fernald) R.J. Bayer - small pussytoes
Antennaria microphylla Rydberg - rosy pussytoes
Antennaria neglecta Greene - field pussytoes
Antennaria parlinii Fernald - plantain leaved pussytoes
Antennaria parlinii subsp. fallax (Greene) R.J. Bayer - Parlin's pussytoes
Antennaria parlinii subsp. parlinii - Parlin's pussytoes
known only from Chisago Co. (red-cedar glades; collected 1990) Antennaria parvifolia Nuttall - small-leaf pussytoes
special concern Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson - plantain leaved pussytoes
Antennaria rosea Greene - rosy pussytoes
Antennaria rosea subsp. arida (E.E. Nelson) R.J. Bayer - rosy pussytoes
erroneous report Antennaria rosea subsp. rosea - rosy pussytoes
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, Manitoba, ND Anthemis cotula L. - dog fennel
native to Eurasia; pollen may cause allergies Arctium lappa L. - greater burdock
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN Arctium minus (Hill) Bernhardi - common burdock
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1877, Hennepin Co. Arctium tomentosum Miller - hairy burdock
native to Eurasia; known only from Kittson Co. (last collected 1958) Arnica lonchophylla Greene - seep leopardbane
southern limit of distribution; vars. Not recognized; threatened Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Robinson - pale Indian plantain
erroneous report Arnoglossum plantagineum Rafinesque - tuberous Indian plantain
northern limit of distribution; threatened Arnoglossum reniforme (Hooker) H. Robinson - great Indian plantain
threatened Artemisia abrotanum L. - southernwood
native to Eurasia and north Africa Artemisia absinthium L. - absinthe wormwood
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1892, Otter Tail Co.; pollen may cause allergies Artemisia annua L. - annual wormwood
erroneous report Artemisia biennis Willdenow - biennial wormwood
native to northwestern US Artemisia campestris L. - tall wormwood
Artemisia campestris subsp. borealis (Pall.) Hall & Clem. - field sagewort
misapplied to the regional flora, see subsp. caudata; misapplied name Artemisia campestris subsp. caudata (Michaux) H.M. Hall & Clements - field sagewort
Artemisia cana Pursh - silver sagebrush
Artemisia cana subsp. cana - silver sagebrush
report unverified Artemisia dracunculus L. - dragon wormwood
Artemisia frigida Willdenow - sage wormwood
Artemisia longifolia Nuttall - longleaf wormwood
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Manitoba, ND, SD on alkaline soils Artemisia ludoviciana Nuttall - white sagebrush or sage
Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. ludoviciana - white sagebrush
pollen may cause allergies Artemisia pontica L. - Roman wormwood
native to Eurasia; known only from Isanti Co. (one old homestead population, collected 1963) Artemisia serrata Nutt. - leafy wormwood
Artemisia stelleriana Besser - dusty miller
native to eastern Asia; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; last collected 2009) Artemisia vulgaris L. - common mugwort
native to Eurasia Bellis perennis L. - English daisy
native to Eurasia and Pacific Islands, occasional escape from gardens Bidens aristosa Britton - bearded beggarticks
report unverified Bidens beckii Torrey ex Sprengel - Beck's water-marigold
Bidens cernua L. - nodding bur marigold
Bidens connata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - swamp beggar ticks
Bidens discoidea Britton - discoid beggar ticks
special concern Bidens frondosa L. - leafy beggar ticks
Bidens trichosperma (Michaux) Britton - showy beggar ticks
Bidens tripartita L. - tufted beggar ticks
Bidens vulgata Greene - common beggar ticks
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'H̩r - boltonia
Boltonia asteroides var. latisquama (A. Gray) Cronquist - white doll's daisy
Boltonia asteroides var. recognita (Fernald & Griscom) Cronquist - white doll's daisy
Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners - false boneset
Canadanthus modestus (Lindley) G.L. Nesom - modest aster
Carduus acanthoides L. - spiny plumeless thistle
Carduus acanthoides subsp. acanthoides - spiny plumeless thistle
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1949, Becker & Rock counties Carduus crispus L. - curly plumeless thistle
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Carduus nutans L. - nodding plumeless thistle
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1939, Goodhue Co. Centaurea cyanus L. - bachelor
native to Mediterranean region Centaurea diffusa Lam. - diffuse knapweed
Centaurea jacea L. - brownray knapweed
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (one roadside population, collected 1953) Centaurea montana L. - black knapweed
native to montane Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one population, collected 1952), doubtfully persisting Centaurea nigrescens Willdenow - Tyrol knapweed
erroneous report Centaurea phrygia L. - wig knapweed
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2006) Centaurea solstitialis L. - yellow star-thistle
native to southern Europe; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from all surrounding states and provinces Centaurea stoebe L. - spotted knapweed
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos (S.G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek - spotted knapweed
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1918, Dakota Co. Centaurea x moncktonii C.E. Britton - meadow knapweed
(C. jacea x nigra x nigrescens); native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2006) Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. ex DC. - hairy golden aster
Chrysopsis villosa var. angustifolia (Rydb.) Cronquist - stiffleaf false goldenaster
misapplied name; see Heterotheca stenophylla Cichorium intybus L. - chicory
native to Eurasia Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. - tall thistle
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli - Canada thistle
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1878, Hennepin Co.; vars. not recognized Cirsium discolor (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Sprengel - field thistle
Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur - Flodman's thistle
Cirsium muticum Michaux - swamp thistle
Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. - marsh thistle
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota (Houston Co.) by U.S. Forest Service but no specimens at MIN Cirsium pumilum (Nuttall) Sprengel - pasture thistle
Cirsium pumilum var. hillii (Canby) B. Boivin - pasture thistle
special concern Cirsium undulatum (Nuttall) Sprengel - wavyleaf thistle
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; easily confused with C. flodmanii Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore - bull thistle
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1883, Wabasha Co. Cirsium x iowense (Pammel) Fernald - Iowa thistle
(C. altissimum x discolor); progeny of this hybrid have low fertility but occur in stable populations; FNA recognizes this taxon but recommends further genetic study before a proper classification can be made Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist - Canadian horseweed
vars. not recognized Conyza ramosissima Cronquist - spreading fleabane
Coreopsis lanceolata L. - sand coreopsis
The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract many kinds of insects, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, skippers, day-flying moths, and beetles. A long-tongued bee, (Melissodes coreopsis) is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Coreopsis spp. Some insects feed destructively on the plant juices, flowerheads, and other parts of Sand Coreopsis and other Coreopsis spp. These species include the Ragweed Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha bidenticola) and Coreopsis Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha californica coreopsivora), the Red-spotted Aster Mirid (Polymerus basalis), an aphid (Uroleucon reynoldense), and the larvae of such moths as the Dimorphic Gray (Tornos scolopacinarius), Wavy-lined Emerald (Synchlora aerata), and Common Tan Wave (Pleuroprucha insulsaria); see Clark et al. (2004), Knight (1941), Blackman & Eastop (2013), Covell (1984/2005), and Wagner (2005) for more information. The larvae of the latter two moths feed on the flowerheads., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/sand_coreopsisx.htm Coreopsis palmata Nuttall - bird
The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract many kinds of insects because of their abundance and accessibility. These insects include digger bees (Melissodes spp.), cuckoo bees (Epeolus spp., Nomada spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (including green metallic bees), dagger bees (Calliopsis spp., Heterosarus spp.), Sphecid wasps and other wasps, Syrphid flies (Eristalis spp. and others), bee flies (Exoprosopa spp. and others), thick-headed flies (Conopidae), Tachinid flies, bottle flies (Lucilia spp.), Muscid flies, butterflies, skippers, moths, and beetles (Robertson, 1929). A digger bee, Melissodes coreopsis, is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Coreopsis spp. Some insects feed destructively on the plant juices, flowerheads, and other parts of Prairie Coreopsis and other Coreopsis spp. These species include the Red-spotted Aster Mirid (Polymerus basalis), an aphid (Uroleucon reynoldense), the Ragweed Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha bidenticola) and Coreopsis Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha californica coreopsivora), and larvae of such moths as the Dimorphic Gray (Tornos scolopacinarius), Wavy-lined Emerald (Synchlora aerata), and Common Tan Wave (Pleuroprucha insulsaria). The larvae of the latter two moths feed on the flowerheads., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_coreopsisx.htm Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall - plains coreopsis
native to southern US; vars. not recognized. Escaped from cultivation in Minnesota, source: minnesotawildflowers.info Cosmos bipinnatus Cavanilles - garden cosmos
native to Mexico and southwestern U.S.; reported as naturalized for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles - orange cosmos
native to Mexico; known only from Olmsted Co. (collected 1994), apparently introduced as part of prairie planting but doubtfully persisting Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay ex Gussone - golden marguerite
native to Eurasia Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallroth - smooth hawksbeard
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, but not known from Minnesota Crepis runcinata (James) Torrey & A. Gray - fiddleleaf hawksbeard
Crepis runcinata subsp. runcinata - incised hawk's beard
Crepis tectorum L. - yellow hawk's beard
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1934, Becker Co. Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nuttall) Fresenius - marsh elder
state DOA noxious (CN) weed Dieteria canescens (Pursh) Nutt. - hoary tansyaster
Doellingeria umbellata (Miller) Nees - flat topped aster
Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens (A. Gray) Britton - parasol whitetop
Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata - parasol whitetop
Dyssodia papposa (Ventenant) A. Hitchcock - fetid marigold
Echinacea angustifolia de Candolle - blacksamson echinacea
Echinacea pallida (Nuttall) Nuttall - pale purple coneflower
Long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers are the most important visitors to the flowers. Long-tongued bees, such as bumblebees, Nomadine cuckoo bees, large carpenter bees, and leaf-cutting bees. Short-tongued green metallic bees and other Halictine bees also visit the flowers occasionally. The caterpillars of the butterfly Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot) feed on the foliage, while caterpillars of the moths Synchlora aerata (Wavy-Lined Emerald) and Eupithecia miserulata (Common Eupithecia) feed on the flowerheads., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pale_coneflowerx.htm Not native in Minnesota. Likely recent escape., source: minnesotawildflowers.info Echinops exaltatus Schrader - tall globethistle
native to Siberia; known only from St. Louis Co. (one population from former agricultural test plots, collected 2004) Echinops sphaerocephalus - great globethistle
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. - yerba de tajo
known only from Washington Co. (one riverside population, collected 1976), probably introduced from further east Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Rafinesque ex de Candolle - American burnweed
Erigeron acris L. - bitter fleabane
Erigeron acris var. kamtschaticus (de Candolle) Herder - bitter fleabane
endangered Erigeron annuus (Linnaeus) Persoon - annual fleabane
Erigeron glabellus Nutt. - streamside fleabane
Erigeron glabellus var. pubescens Hooker - smooth fleabane
Erigeron lonchophyllus Hooker - shortray fleabane
threatened Erigeron philadelphicus L. - Philadelphia fleabane
Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus - Philadelphia fleabane
Erigeron pulchellus Michaux - poor robin
Erigeron pulchellus var. pulchellus - robin's plantain
Erigeron pulchellus var. tolsteadii Cronquist - Tolstead's erigeron
endemic to Minnesota; DNR watch list Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. - daisy fleabane
Erigeron strigosus var. septentrionalis (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald - prairie fleabane
Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus - prairie fleabane
Eupatorium altissimum L. - tall thoroughwort
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. - purple boneset
The nectar or pollen of the flowers attracts many kinds of insects, including bees, flies, wasps, butterflies, and beetles. In particular, many kinds of unusual flies and wasps are attracted to the flowers because of the accessibility of the nectar. The caterpillars of various moth species are known to feed on various parts of Common Boneset, including Haploa clymene (Clymene Moth), Phragmatobia lineata (Lined Ruby Tiger Moth), Papaipema cataphracta (Burdock Borer Moth), Schinia trifascia (Three-Lined Flower Moth), Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria (Blackberry Looper Moth), and Semiothisa continuata (Geometrid Moth sp.)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cm_boneset.htm Eupatorium serotinum Michaux - lateflowering throughwort
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IA, NE Eupatorium sessilifolium L. - upland boneset
northwest limit of distribution; threatened Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cassini - large leaved aster
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nuttall - grass leaf goldenrod
vars. not recognized Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene - Great Plains goldenrod
Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E. Lamont - spotted joe pye weed
The nectar of the flowers attracts honey bees, bumblebees, long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), bee flies, butterflies, skippers, and moths. Some bees may also collect pollen. The following leaf beetles have been observed to feed on Spotted Joe-Pye Weed: Exema dispar, Ophraella notata, and Sumitrosis inaequalis (Clark et al., 2004). An uncommon aphid, Aphis vernoniae, sucks the plant juices. The caterpillars of some moth species feed on various parts of Eutrochium spp. (Joe-Pye Weed species). They include Schinia trifascia (Three-Lined Flower Moth; feeds on florets), Carmenta bassiformis (Eupatorium Borer Moth; bores through roots), Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Ruby Tiger Moth; feeds on foliage), and Eupithecia miserulata (Common Pug; feeds on florets)., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sp_joepye.htm Eutrochium maculatum var. bruneri (A. Gray) E.E. Lamont - spotted joe pye weed
Eutrochium maculatum var. foliosum (Fernald) E.E. Lamont - spotted joe pye weed
known only from Cook Co. (last collected 1945); rare historic record Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum - spotted joe pye weed
Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E.E. Lamont - purple joe pye weed
Eutrochium purpureum var. holzingeri (Rydberg) E.E. Lamont - Holzinger's eupatorium
Eutrochium purpureum var. purpureum - sweetscented joe pye weed
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IA, NE Gaillardia aristata Pursh - blanket flower
special concern Gaillardia pulchella Fougeroux - Indian blanket
native to southern US Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles - soft-stem spikerush
Galinsoga parviflora var. parviflora - small flowered galinsoga
native from southwestern US to South America Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav - hairy galinsoga
native from Central America to South America Gnaphalium uliginosum L. - marsh cudweed
native to Europe Grindelia hirsutula Hooker & Arnott - hairy gumweed
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal - curlycup gumweed
state DOA noxious (CN) weed; vars. not recognized Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby - broom snakeweed
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Manitoba, ND, SD on rocky soils Hasteola suaveolens (L.) Pojarkova - sweet smelling Indian plantain
northwest limit of distribution; endangered Helenium autumnale L. - autumn sneezeweed
poisonous to cattle; vars. not recognized Helenium flexuosum Rafinesque - purplehead sneezeweed
native to eastern US; known only from Carlton Co. (one swampy roadside population, collected 1944) Helianthus annuus L. - wahcha zizi (Dakota)
state DOA noxious (CN) weed, named cultivars exempt Helianthus giganteus L. - swamp sunflower
Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens - sawtooth sunflower
Helianthus hirsutus Rafinesque - hairy sunflower
Helianthus maximiliani Schrader - michaelmas daisy
Helianthus microcephalus Torrey & A. Gray - small woodland sunflower
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from IA, IL Helianthus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray - Nuttall's sunflower
Helianthus nuttallii subsp. rydbergii (Britton) R.W. Long - Rydberg's sunflower
special concern Helianthus occidentalis Riddell - fewleaf sunflower
Pollinators insects and long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, miscellaneous flies, and occasional butterflies. The following bees are oligoleges (specialist pollinators) of sunflowers (Helianthus spp.): Dufourea marginata, Andrena accepta, Andrena helianthi, Andrena aliciae, Melissodes agilis, and Pseudopanurgus rugosus. Other insects feed on the foliage, bore through the stems, feed on the florets and seeds, or suck plant juices from sunflowers. These species include: the leafhoppers Mesamia straminea and Mesamia nigridorsum; the aphids Uroleucon illini and Uroleucon rudbeckiae; the plant bugs Ilnacora stalii and Plagiognathus nigronitens; Haplorhynchities aeneus (Sunflower Head-Clipping Weevil) and Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Sunflower Stem Weevil); the leaf beetles Physonota helianthi and Trirhabda adela; Contarinia schulzi (Sunflower Midge) and Neotephritis finalis (Sunflower Seed Maggot); Melanoplus packardii (Packard's Grasshopper) and Sparagemon collare (Mottled Sand Grasshopper); and the flower thrips Heterothrips auranticornis. In addition to these insects, the caterpillars of such butterflies as Chlosyne gorgone (Gorgone Checkerspot), Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot), and Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady) feed on sunflowers, as do the caterpillars of many moths., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ws_sunflower.html Helianthus occidentalis subsp. occidentalis - western sunflower
Helianthus pauciflorus Nuttall - stiff sunflower
Helianthus pauciflorus subsp. pauciflorus Nutt. - stiff sunflower
Helianthus petiolaris Nuttall - prairie sunflower
Helianthus petiolaris subsp. petiolaris - prairie sunflower
Helianthus strumosus L. - paleleaf woodland sunflower
Helianthus tuberosus L. - Jerusalem artichoke
state DOA noxious (CN) weed Helianthus x laetiflorus Persoon - bright sunflower
(H. pauciflorus x tuberosus) Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet - smooth ox eye
The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract a wide variety of insects, including honeybees, bumblebees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), digger bees (Melissodes spp.), cuckoo bees (Coelioxys spp., Triepeolus spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (Agapostemon spp., Lasioglossum spp.), Andrenid bees (Andrena spp., Heterosarus spp.), thread-waisted wasps (Ammophila spp.) and other wasps, Syrphid flies (Eristalis spp., Toxomerus spp.), bee flies (Exoprosopa spp.), the Goldenrod Soldier Beetle (Chauliognathus pennsylanicus) and other beetles, Painted Lady butterflies (Vanessa spp.) and other butterflies, and skippers (Robertson, 1929). These floral visitors cross-pollinate the flowerheads. Other insects feed on the leaves, stems, seeds, and other parts of False Sunflower. These species include a leaf beetle (Physonota helianthi), leaf-mining larvae of a Tischeriid moth (Astrotischeria heliopsisella), stem-boring larvae of the Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth (Papaipema rigida), floret- and seed-eating larvae of a fly (Melanagromyza virens), and a seed bug (Lygaeus turcicus)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fs_sunflowerx.htm Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra (Dunal) Fernald - smooth oxeye
Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners - stiffleaf false goldenaster
Heterotheca stenophylla var. angustifolia (Rydberg) Semple - hairy golden aster
known only from Pipestone Co. (collected 1963) Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners - hairy golden aster
Heterotheca villosa var. ballardii (Rydberg) Semple - hairy false goldenaster
Heterotheca villosa var. foliosa (Nuttall) V.L. Harms - hairy false goldenaster
known only from Traverse Co. (collected 1938) Heterotheca villosa var. minor (Hooker) Semple - hairy false goldenaster
Heterotheca villosa var. villosa - hairy false goldenaster
Hieracium aurantiacum L. - orange king devil
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1947, St. Louis Co. Hieracium caespitosum Dumortier - yellow king devil
native to Europe Hieracium gronovii L. - queendevil
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from MI, IN, IL, MO Hieracium longipilum Torrey ex Hooker - long bearded hawkweed
Hieracium pilosella L. - mouse-ear hawkweed
native to Europe Hieracium piloselloides Villars - king devil hawkweed
native to Europe Hieracium scabrum Michaux - sticky hawkweed
Hieracium umbellatum L. - rough hawkweed
Hieracium vulgatum Fries - common hawkweed
native to Europe; correct name for this taxon is in some doubt fide FNA Hieracium x fernaldii Lepage - hawkweed
(H. scabrum x umbellatum); reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; FNA makes no mention of this hybrid Hieracium x floribundum Wimmer & Grabowski - smooth king devil
(H. caespitosum x lactucella); native to Europe Inula britannica L. - British elecampane
native to Europe; known only from Dakota Co. (nursery holding area, collected 2004) Inula helenium L. - elecampane inula
native to Europe Ionactis linariifolia (L.) Greene - flaxleaf whitetop aster
report unverified Iva annua L. - annual marsh elder
to be expected on moist disturbed sites; known from ND, SD, IA, WI Iva axillaris Pursh - deer root
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, Manitoba, ND, SD on wet saline soils Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F. Blake - two flowered cynthia
Krigia virginica (L.) Willdenow - Virginia dwarf dandelion
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IL, IA Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fernald - biennial blue lettuce
Lactuca canadensis L. - Canada wild lettuce
Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertner - Florida wild lettuce
Lactuca hirsuta Muhlenberg ex Nuttall - hairy lettuce
erroneous report Lactuca ludoviciana (Nuttall) Ridell - Louisiana lettuce
Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. - beautiful blue lettuce
Lactuca serriola L. - prickly lettuce
native to Europe; toxic to livestock Lapsana communis L. - comon nipplewort
native to Eurasia Leontodon autumnalis L. - fall dandelion
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (one turf-planting population, collected 1995); vars. not recognized Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev - Portugese daisy
native to eastern Europe Leucanthemum lacustre (Brot.) Samp. - Portugese daisy
misapplied to US flora (except CA), see L. serotina Leucanthemum vulgare Lamarck - oxeye daisy
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1878, Hennepin Co. Liatris aspera Michaux - rough blazing star
Liatris cylindracea Michaux - cylindric blazing star
Liatris ligulistylis (A. Nelson) K. Schum. - northern blazing star
The flowerheads are cross-pollinated by bumblebees, long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), butterflies, and skippers. These insects suck nectar, although some of the bees also collect pollen for their larvae. Two uncommon prairie insects feed on Liatris spp. (blazingstars): caterpillars of Schinia sanguinea (Liatris Flower Moth) feed on the florets and developing seeds, while caterpillars of Carmenta anthracipennis (Liatris Borer Moth) bore through the stems., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/msh_blazingstar.htm Liatris punctata Hook. - dotted blazing star
Liatris punctata var. punctata - dotted blazing star
Liatris pycnostachya Michaux - great blazing star
The flowers are pollinated primarily by long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers. Other visitors include Halictine bees, bee flies, and day-flying moths. Among the long-tongued bees, are such visitors as honeybees, bumblebees, Little Carpenter bees, Miner bees, and large Leaf-Cutting bees. Butterfly visitors include Monarchs, Swallowtails, Painted Ladies, Sulfurs, Whites, and others. The caterpillars of the rare Schinia gloriosa (Glorious Flower Moth) feed on the flowers and seed capsules., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_blazingstarx.htm Liatris pycnostachya var. pycnostachya NULL - prairie blazing star
Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michaux - plains blazing star
Liatris squarrosa var. glabrata (Rydb.) Gaiser - scaly blazing star
report unverified Liatris x frostii Gaiser - blazing star
(L. aspera x pycnostachya); reported as endemic to Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Liatris x spheroidea Michaux - spherical blazing star
(L. aspera x ligulistylis); known only from Marshall Co. (collected 1900) Logfia arvensis (L.) Holub - field cottonrose
native to Eurasia and northwest Africa; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2006) Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hooker - skeleton weed
Madia glomerata Hooker - mountain tarweed
native to western US Matricaria chamomilla L. - wild chamomile
native to Eurasia; pollen causes allergies Matricaria discoidea de Candolle - pineapple weed
native to northwestern US Matricaria maritima L. - wild chamomile
misapplied; see Tripleurospermum inodorum Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter - pineapple weed
misapplied; see M. discoidea Mulgedium pulchellum (Pursh) G. Don - beautiful blue lettuce
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumortier - wall-lettuce
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene - prairie false dandelion
Onopordum acanthium L. - Scotch cottonthistle
Onopordum acanthium var. acanthium - scotch thistle
native to Eurasia; known only from Pipestone Co. (one population, collected 1954), doubtfully persisting Packera aurea Á. Löve & D. Löve - golden ragwort
leaves and roots possibly toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to horses and cattle Packera cana (Hooker) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve - gray groundsel
southeast limit of distribution; known only from Polk Co. (last collected 1993); endangered Packera indecora (Greene) Á. Löve & D. Löve - elegant ragwort
endangered Packera pauciflora (Pursh) Á. Löve & D. Löve - alpine groundsel
disjunct from western North America and northern Canada; only known specimens at DUL Packera paupercula (Michaux) Á. Löve & D. Löve - balsam ragwort
Packera plattensis (Nuttall) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve - prairie ragwort
leaves and roots possibly toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to horses and cattle Packera pseudaurea (Rydberg) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve - falsegold groundsel
Packera pseudaurea var. semicordata (Mackenzie & Bush) Trock & T.M. Barkley - western heart leaved groundsel
Parthenium integrifolium L. - wild quinine
northwest limit of distribution; endangered Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries - grape leaved sweet colt's foot
Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Aiton) Cronquist - arctic sweet coltsfoot
Petasites frigidus var. sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Cherniawsky - arrowleaf sweet coltsfoot
Petasites frigidus var. x vitifolius (Greene) Cherniawsky - arctic sweet coltsfoot
Petasites hybridus (L.) G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. - pestilence wort
Polymnia canadensis L. - whiteflower leafcup
Prenanthes alba L. - white rattlesnakeroot
Prenanthes aspera Michaux - hairy rattlesnake root
Prenanthes crepidinea Michaux - nodding rattlesnakeroot
known only from Houston Co. (collected 1900); rare historic record Prenanthes racemosa Michaux - smooth rattlesnake root
vars./subsp. not recognized Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz - Macoun's cudweed
Pseudognaphalium micradenium (Weatherby) G.L. Nesom - delicate rabbit tobacco
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, MI Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt - sweet everlasting
Pseudognaphalium viscosum (Kunth) W.A. Weber - Macoun's cudweed
misapplied to the regional flora, see P. macounii Ratibida columnifera (Nuttall) Wooton & Standley - upright prairie coneflower
Ratibida pinnata (Ventenat) Barnhart - gray headed coneflower
Rudbeckia hirta L. - blackeyed Susan
The composite flowers appeal to a wide range of insects, particularly bees and flies, as well as some wasps, butterflies, and beetles. The bees collect pollen or suck nectar, and include Little Carpenter bees, Leaf-Cutting bees, Green Metallic and other Halictine bees, Andrenid bees, and others. Some Andrenid bees, such as Andrena rudbeckiae and Heterosarus rudbeckiae, prefer visiting the flowers of Black-Eyed Susan and closely related plants. Among the flies that visit the flowers, Syrphid flies, Bee flies, and Tachinid flies are well represented. The caterpillars of Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot) feed on the leaves., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/be_susanx.htm Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima Farwell - blackeyed Susan
Rudbeckia laciniata L. - cutleaf coneflower
Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata - tall coneflower
Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh - sweet coneflower
possibly introduced or possibly a range extension from southern IA and WI; known only from Mower Co. (one railroad population, collected 2001); DNR watch list Rudbeckia triloba L. - browneyed Susan
Rudbeckia triloba var. triloba - three leaved coneflower
threatened Senecio eremophilus Richardson - desert ragwort
Senecio eremophilus var. eremophilus - desert groundsel
to be expected in far northeast corner (known from adjacent Ontario), on grassy, rocky outcroppings and cliffs Senecio integerrimus Nuttall - lambstongue ragwort
Senecio integerrimus var. integerrimus - entire ragwort
leaves and roots possibly toxic Senecio viscosus L. - sticky ragwort
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; last collected 2006) Senecio vulgaris L. - common groundsel
native to Eurasia; leaves and roots possibly toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to horses and cattle Shinnersoseris rostrata (A. Gray) Tomb - annual skeleton weed
eastern limit of distribution; threatened Silphium integrifolium Michaux - wholeleaf rosinweed
Silphium integrifolium var. integrifolium - wholeleaf rosinweed
possibly to be expected along southern border (known from SD, IA, WI), in road/railside prairies Silphium laciniatum L. - compass plant
Silphium perfoliatum L. - cup plant
Cup Plant is a magnet for red aphids, which can be found in masses on the undersides of leaves, and subsequently become lodging for parasitic wasps and food for predatory insects as well as baby hummingbirds. Long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers are common visitors and the most important pollinators of the flowers. Some short-tongued bees, wasps, bee flies, and other kinds of flies also visit the flowers for pollen or nectar. The larvae of an Antistrophus sp. (Gall Wasp sp.) feed within the stems of this plant, and may attract the hyperparasitic wasp Eurytoma lutea., source: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/cup-plant, source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cupplantx.htm Silphium perfoliatum var. perfoliatum - cup plant
Not native in Minnesota., source: minnesotawildflowers.info Solidago altissima L. - Canada goldenrod
Solidago altissima gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Semple - late goldenrod
Solidago altissima subsp. altissima - late goldenrod
Solidago canadensis L. - Canada goldenrod
Solidago canadensis var. canadensis - Canada goldenrod
Solidago canadensis var. hargeri Fernald - Canada goldenrod
Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa (Piper) M.E. Jones - Canada goldenrod
misapplied to our flora, see S. canadensis or possibly S. altissima Solidago flexicaulis L. - zigzag goldenrod
Solidago gigantea Aiton - late goldenrod
Solidago hispida Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - hairy goldenrod
vars. not recognized Solidago jejunifolia Steele - showy goldenrod
Solidago juncea Aiton - early goldenrod
Solidago lepida var. molina Fernald - Canada goldenrod
Solidago missouriensis Nutt. - Missouri goldenrod
vars. not recognized Solidago mollis Bartling - soft goldenrod
special concern Solidago nemoralis Aiton - gray goldenrod
Solidago nemoralis subsp. nemoralis - gray goldenrod
Solidago ptarmicoides (Torrey & A. Gray) B. Boivin - uupland white aster
Solidago riddellii Frank - Riddell's goldenrod
Solidago rigida L. - stiff goldenrod
Solidago rigida subsp. humilis (Porter) S.B. Heard & Semple - stiff goldenrod
Solidago rigida subsp. rigida - stiff goldenrod
Solidago rigidiuscula (Torr. & A. Gray) Porter - showy goldenrod
Solidago sciaphila E.S. Steele - cliff goldenrod
Solidago simplex Kunth - Mt. Albert goldenrod
Solidago simplex var. simplex - Mt. Albert goldenrod
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, Manitoba, ND, SD in rocky seepages Solidago speciosa Nuttall - showy goldenrod
The flowers attract honeybees, bumblebees, ants, beetles, and the occasional moth or butterfly. Among the beetles, are such visitors as Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Goldenrod Soldier Beetle) and Epicauta pensylvanica (Black Blister Beetle). These insects seek nectar primarily. The caterpillars of many moths feed on various parts of this goldenrod and others. Other insect feeders include various leafhoppers, lace bugs, plant bugs, and beetles., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/shw_goldenrodx.htm Solidago speciosa var. speciosa - showy goldenrod
Solidago uliginosa Nuttall - bog goldenrod
Solidago ulmifolia Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - elmleaf goldenrod
Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia - elmleaf goldenrod
Solidago x bernardii B. Boivin - Bernard's goldenrod
(S. ptarmicoides x riddellii) Sonchus arvensis L. - perennial sow thistle
Sonchus arvensis subsp. arvensis - field sowthistle
Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus (M. Bieberstein) Nyman - field sowthistle
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill - spiny sowthistle
native to Mediterranean region Sonchus oleraceus L. - common sowthistle
native to Europe Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledebour) G.L. Nesom - short rayed aster
native to western US, Canada, and Siberia Symphyotrichum ciliolatum (Lindl.) Á. Löve & D. Löve - northern heart leaf aster
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom - heart leaf aster
Symphyotrichum drummondii (Lindley) G.L. Nesom - Drummond's aster
Symphyotrichum drummondii var. drummondii - Drummond's aster
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom - frost aster
Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides - white heath aster
Symphyotrichum ericoides var. pansum (S.F. Blake) G.L. Nesom - manyflowered aster
known only from Wilkin Co. (one prairie population, collected 1981) Symphyotrichum falcatum (Lindley) G.L. Nesom - white prairie aster
Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum (Torrey & A. Gray) G.L. Nesom - white prairie aster
Symphyotrichum falcatum var. falcatum - sickle shaped aster
report unverified Symphyotrichum firmum (Nees) G.L. Nesom - red-stemmed aster
Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve - smooth blue aster
Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (A. Gray) G.L. Nesom - Geyer's aster
known only from type specimen (as A. laeviformis) collected at Lake Benton, Lincoln Co., 1891; rare historic record Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve - smooth blue aster
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom - eastern lined aster
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hesperium (A. Gray) G.L. Nesom - white panicle aster
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hirsuticaule (Semple & Chmielewski) G.L. Nesom - white panicle aster
known only from Itasca Co. (collected 2008) Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. interior (Wiegand) G. L. Nesom - white panicle aster
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum - white panicle aster
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. latifolium (Semple & Chmielewski) G.L. Nesom - white panicle aster
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from adjacent states and provinces Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve - side flowering aster
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom - New England aster
The flowers are visited primarily by long-tongued bees, bee flies, butterflies, and skippers. Short-tongued bees and Syrphid flies also visit the flowers, but they collect pollen primarily and are non-pollinating. Among the long-tongued bees, are such visitors as bumblebees, honeybees, Miner bees, and large Leaf-Cutting bees. Cross-pollination by these insects is essential, otherwise the seeds will be infertile. The caterpillars of many moths feed on various parts of this and other asters. Other insects feeding on this plant include Lygus lineolaris (Tarnished Plant Bug), Poccilocapsus lineatus (Four-Lined Plant Bug), Corythuche marmorata (Chrysanthemum Lace Bug), and Macrosiphum euphoriaca (Potato Aphid)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ne_asterx.htm Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom - New York aster
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii var. novi-belgii - New York aster
native to far eastern US; known only from Lake Co. (one population, collected 1952, consists of single poor specimen) Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nuttall) G.L. Nesom - aromatic aster
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