University of Minnesota http://www.umn.edu/ 612-625-5000 Minnesota Biodiversity AtlasBell Museum Includes taxa from following child checklists:
Authors:
Anita Cholewa, George Weiblen, Katie Noren & Timothy Whitfeld
Less Details
Locality: Minnesota Abstract: A comprehensive, annotated list of the vascular plants known, or reported, to occur in Minnesota Family membership is according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (Bot. J. The checklist was originally developed as a document by Anita Cholewa and was subsequently
Common names as given in the USDA-NRCS Plants database (2008) are also provided, Protection status is indicated for species listed as either endangered, threatened or Click on a scientific name to view specimens and a distribution map.
Families: 159
Genera: 811
Species: 2693
Total Taxa (details): 2877
Carex richardsonii R. Brown - prairie hummock sedge
Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willdenow - starry sedge
Carex rossii Boott - Ross's sedge
threatened Carex rostrata Stokes - northern yellow lake sedge
most of our specimens identified as C. rostrata in the past are actually C. utriculata fide G. Wheeler; in Minnesota this species appears restricted to the North Shore and vicinity Carex sartwellii Dewey - running marsh sedge
Carex saximontana Mackenzie - Rocky Mountain sedge
Carex scabrata Schweinitz - eastern rough sedge
to be expected on forested seeps in the St. Croix Valley; known from the WI side in Burnett Co. Carex scirpoidea Michaux - northern singlespike sedge
Carex scirpoidea subsp. scirpoidea - northern singlespike sedge
special concern Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow - broom sedge
Carex scoparia var. scoparia - lance fruit sedge
Carex siccata Dewey - dryspike sedge
Carex sparganioides Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - thin leaved sedge
Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Sprengel - long beak sedge
Carex squarrosa L. - spreading bract sedge
Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. - hard sedge
misapplied to our flora, see C. duriuscula; misapplied name Carex sterilis Willdenow - sterile sedge
threatened Carex stipata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - awlfruit sedge
Carex stipata var. stipata - common fox sedge
Carex stricta Lamarck - tussock sedge
Carex suberecta (Olney) Britton - prairie straw sedge
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from IA, WI Carex supina Willdenow ex Wahlenburg - weak arctic sedge
Carex supina subsp. spaniocarpa (Steudel) Hultén - weak arctic sedge
southern limit of distribution; known only from Cook Co. (one cliffside population, collected 1936); endangered Carex sychnocephala J. Carey - manyhead sedge
Carex tenera Dewey - marsh straw sedge
Carex tenera var. tenera - quill sedge
Carex tenuiflora Wahlenberg - small headed bog sedge
Carex tetanica Schkuhr - stiff sedge
Carex tincta (Fernald) Fernald - tinged sedge
erroneous report Carex tonsa (Fernald) E. P. Bicknell - parachute sedge
Carex tonsa var. rugosperma (Mackenzie) Crins - parachute sedge
Carex tonsa var. tonsa - shaved sedge
range extension from WI; known only from Lake Co. (collected 2003) Carex torreyi Tuckerman - Torrey's sedge
Carex torta Boott in E. Tuckerman - twisted sedge
erroneous report Carex tribuloides Wahlenberg - blunt broom sedge
Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides - blunt broom sedge
Carex trichocarpa Willdenow - hairyfruit sedge
Carex trisperma Dewey - three seed bog sedge
Carex tuckermanii Dewey - Tuckerman's sedge
Carex typhina Michaux - cattail sedge
special concern Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willdenow - umbel sedge
Gleason & Cronquist (1991) included C. tonsa in this taxon Carex utriculata Boott in W.J. Hooker - beaked sedge
Carex vaginata Tausch - sheathed sedge
Carex vesicaria L. - inflated sedge
Carex viridula Michaux - little green sedge
Carex viridula subsp. viridula - green sedge
Carex vulpinoidea Michaux - yellowfruit sedge
Carex woodii Dewey - Wood
Carex x knieskernii Dewey - sedge
(C. arctata x castanea) reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, MI Carex xerantica L.H. Bailey - dry sedge
special concern Cladium mariscoides (Muhlenberg) Torrey - twig rush
special concern Cyperus acuminatus Torrey & Hooker - short point umbrella sedge
threatened Cyperus bipartitus Torrey - brook nutsedge
Cyperus diandrus Torrey - sedge galingale
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg - redrooted cyperus
Cyperus esculentus L. - yellow nutsedge
Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Boeckeler - cocoa cyperus
native to tropical & subtropical regions but persisting; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1887, Winona Co. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl - fern flatsedge
native to eastern coastal states; known only from Goodhue Co. (one railroad population, collected 2010) Cyperus fuscus L. - brown flatsedge
native to temperate Eurasia; known only from Itasca Co. (one park population, collected 2007) Cyperus houghtonii Torrey - Houghton
Cyperus lupulinus (Sprengel) Marcks - slender nutsedge
Cyperus lupulinus subsp. lupulinus - Great Plains flatsedge
Cyperus lupulinus subsp. macilentus (Fernald) Marcks - Great Plains flatsedge
Cyperus odoratus L. - fragrant cyperus
Cyperus rotundus L. - purple nutsedge
Cyperus schweinitzii Torrey - Schweinitz
Cyperus squarrosus L. - awned umbrellasedge
Cyperus strigosus L. - straw colored umbrellasedge
Cyperus x mesochorus Geise - Midland sandsedge
(C. lupulinus x schweinitzii) Dulichium arundinaceum L. - threeway sedge
Dulichium arundinaceum var. arundinaceum - threeway sedge
Eleocharis acicularis (Leiberg, J.B.) - least spikerush
Eleocharis coloradoensis (Britton) Gilly - dwarf spikerush
last collected 1939; special concern Eleocharis compressa Sullivant - flattened spikerush
Eleocharis compressa var. acutisquamata (Buckley) S.G. Smith - sharpscale spikerush
Eleocharis compressa var. compressa - flatstem spikerush
Eleocharis elliptica Kunth - elliptic spikerush
Eleocharis engelmannii Steudel - Engelmann's spikerush
Eleocharis erythropoda Steudel - bald spikerush
Eleocharis flavescens (Poiret) Urban - yellow spikerush
Eleocharis flavescens var. olivacea (Torrey) Gleason - olivaceous spikerush
northwest limit of distribution; threatened Eleocharis intermedia Schultes - intermediate spikerush
Eleocharis macrostachya Britton - pale spikerush
Eleocharis mamillata (H. Lindberg) H. Lindberg - soft-stem spikerush
Eleocharis mamillata subsp. mamillata - pale spikerush
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Canada and WI; often mistaken for E. macrostachya or E. palustris Eleocharis nitida Fernald - neat spikerush
special concern Eleocharis obtusa (Willdenow) Schultes - blunt spikerush
Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & Schultes - ovoid spikerush
Gleason & Cronquist (1991) included E. engelmannii and E. obtusa in this taxon Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes - marsh spikerush
Gleason & Cronquist (1991) included E. erythropoda, E. macrostachya, and E. mamillata in this taxon Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & Schultes) Link ex Bluff Nees, & Schauer - dwarf spikerush
Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz - few-flowered spikerush
special concern Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes - Robbins' spikerush
range extension from WI; threatened Eleocharis rostellata (Torrey) Torrey - beaked spikerush
threatened Eleocharis tenuis (Willdenow) Schultes - slender spikerush
Eleocharis tenuis var. verrucosa (Svenson) Svenson - slender spikerush
erroneous report Eleocharis wolfii (A. Gray) A. Gray ex Britton - Wolf's spikerush
endangered Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny - tall cottongrass
Eriophorum angustifolium subsp. angustifolium - thin scale cottongrass
Eriophorum chamissonis C.A. Meyer - rusty cottongrass
this is part of the circumboreal E. chamissonis-scheuchzeri complex; in the strict sense (see J. Cayouette, DAO, 2004) this taxon is restricted to AK and BC and ours would then be called E. russeolum Fries subsp. leiocarpum Novoselova Eriophorum gracile W.D.J. Koch ex Roth - slender cottongrass
Eriophorum tenellum Nuttall - delicate cottongrass
Eriophorum vaginatum L. - tussock cottongrass
vars. not recognized Eriophorum virginicum L. - tawny cottongrass
Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelmann) Fernald - green keeled cottongrass
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer & Schultes - autumn fimbry
special concern Fimbristylis puberula (Michaux) Vahl - hairy fimbry
Fimbristylis puberula var. interior (Britton) Kral - hairy fimbry
range extension from NE; endangered Lipocarpha aristulata (Coville) G.C. Tucker - awned halfchaff sedge
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from NE, west- and southward Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C. Tucker - hemicarpha
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl - white beakrush
Rhynchospora capillacea Torrey - hair like beakrush
threatened Rhynchospora capitellata (Michaux) Vahl - small head beakrush
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI (Burnett and Douglas counties); DNR watch list Rhynchospora fusca (L.) W.T. Aiton - sooty colored beakrush
Schoenoplectiella purshiana (Fernald) Lye - weakstalk bulrush
Schoenoplectiella purshiana var. purshiana (Fernald) Lye - weakstem bulrush
Schoenoplectiella smithii (A. Gray) Shiels & Monfils - Smith's bulrush
Schoenoplectiella smithii var. setosa (Fernald) Shiels & Monfils - blunt scale bulrush
Schoenoplectiella smithii var. smithii (A. Gray) Shiels & Monfils - Smith's bulrush
Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhlenberg ex Bigelow) Á. Löve & D. Löve - hardstem bulrush
Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus - hardstem bulrush
Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) Soj - slender bulrush
Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla - three square bulrush
Schoenoplectus smithii (A. Gray) Soj - blunt scale bulrush
Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torrey) Soj - water bulrush
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmelin) Palla - softstem bulrush
status: not endemic; distribution: PNG & Indonesia; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: not reported; verified by: D.A. Simpson; reference: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families; Flora Malesiana Vol 7, Cyperaceae - I.; expert comment: none; basionym published: 1805 Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla - Torrey's bulrush
erroneous report; no USDA name Schoenoplectus x oblongus (T. Koyama) Soj - hybrid bulrush
(S. acutus x heterochaetus) misapplied; see Schoenoplectus pungens Scirpus atrocinctus - blackgirdle bulrush
hybridizes with S. cyperinus and S. pedicellatus Scirpus atrovirens Willdenow - dark green bulrush
highly variable taxon often confused with closely related S. georgianus, S. hattorianus, and S. palidus; also hybridizes with S. pallidus Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth - cottongrass bulrush
Gleason & Cronquist (1991) included S. atrocinctus and S. pedicellatus in this taxon; also hybridizes with S. pedicellatus Scirpus georgianus R.M. Harper - Georgia bulrush
known only from Chisago Co. (one road-ditch population collected 1973); DNR watch list Scirpus hattorianus Makino - mosquito bulrush
Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl - small fruited bulrush
Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald - cloaked bulrush
Scirpus pedicellatus Fernald - stalked bulrush
Scirpus pendulus Muhlenberg - rufous bulrush
Scleria triglomerata Michaux - tall nutrush
northwest limit of distribution; endangered Scleria verticillata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - whorled nutrush
northwest limit of distribution; threatened Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Persoon - Hudson Bay bulrush
Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Schur - tufted bulrush
Trichophorum clintonii (A. Gray) S.G. Smith - Clinton's bulrush
threatened Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn - western brackenfern
status: not endemic; distribution: not evaluated; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: not reported; verified by: none; reference: none; expert comment: none; basionym published: year not recorded state DOA noxious (CN) weed; moderately toxic to livestock Diervilla lonicera Mill. - northern bush honeysuckle
Upland-Conifer Forest, Honeysuckle Family Dioscorea villosa L. - colic root
Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobr. - giant pincushion flower
native to Eurasia; known only from Hennepin Co. (Minneapolis city park; collected 1941 Dipsacus fullonum L. - fuller's teasel
native to Eurasia; known only from Winona Co. (collected 2004) Dipsacus laciniatus L. - cutleaf teasel
native to Europe Knautia arvensis (L.) J.M. Coulter - bluebuttons
native to Europe Drosera anglica Hudson - English sundew
special concern Drosera intermedia Hayne - spatulate leaved sundew
Drosera linearis Goldie - linear leaved sundew
special concern Drosera rotundifolia L. - roundleaf sundew
status: not endemic; distribution: PNG & Indonesia; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: not reported; verified by: R. Camara Leret; reference: FM5; expert comment: none; basionym published: 1753 Drosera x obovata Mert. & Koch - obovate-leaved sundew
(D. anglica x rotundifolia) disjunct from Pacific Northwest; known only from Beltrami Co. peatland (collected 1978) Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens - common ladyfern
Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willdenow) G. Lawson - northern lady fern
note that the epithet is "filix-femina" not "felix-femina" as often misspelled Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernhardi - bulblet fern
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernhardi - brittle fern
Cystopteris laurentiana (Weatherby) Blasdell - hybrid bladder fern
Cystopteris protrusa (Wealtherby) Blasdell - protruding bladder fern
Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver - Tennessee bladder fern
Cystopteris tenuis (Michaux) Desvaux - Mackay
Cystopteris x illinoensis R.C. Moran - Illinois bladder fern
Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato - silvery spleenwort
special concern Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson - mountain wood fern
erroneous report Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H.P. Fuchs - spinulose shield fern
Dryopteris carthusiana x cristata - woodfern
Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray - crested fern
Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy - northern wood fern
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott - male fern
report unverified Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott - fragrant fern
Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker ex Goldie) A. Gray - Goldie's wood fern
special concern Dryopteris intermedia (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) A. Gray - glandular wood fern
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray - marginal shield fern
northwest limit of distribution; endangered (D. cristata x intermedia) disposition uncertain (FNA does not recognize names for hybrids involving D. cristata); known only from Winona Co. (last collected 1980); uncertain status Dryopteris x triploidea Wherry - triploid shield fern
(D. carthusiana x intermedia) (D. carthusiana x cristata) not D. uliginosa (Kunze) C. Christensen; an accepted name for the hybrid (fide ITIS & IPNI) but not included in FNA; uncertain status Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman - common oak fern
Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidzumi) Koidzumi - Asian oakfern
Gymnocarpium jessoense subsp. parvulum Sarvela - Nahanni oak fern
Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffmann) Newman - northern oak fern
special concern Gymnocarpium x brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler - Britton's oak fern
(G. disjunctum x dryopteris) Gymnocarpium x intermedium Sarvela - intermediate oak fern
(G. jessoense x parvulum) Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro - ostrich fern
Onoclea sensibilis L. - sensitive fern
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott - christmas fern
northwest limit of distribution; endangered Polystichum braunii (Spenner) F̩e - Braun's holly fern
threatened Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth - northern holly fern
reported for Minnesota (northeast corner) by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario and WI Woodsia alpina (Bolton) A. Gray - alpine woodsia
threatened Woodsia glabella R. Brown ex Richardson - smooth woodsia
threatened Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Brown - rusty woodsia
Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey - bluntlobe cliff fern
Woodsia obtusa subsp. obtusa - blunt lobed woodsia
Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton - Oregon cliff fern
Woodsia oregana subsp. cathcartiana (B.L. Robinson) Windham - Oregon cliff fern
special concern Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eaton - Rocky Mountain woodsia
Woodsia scopulina subsp. laurentiana Windham - Laurent's cliff fern
known only from Cook Co.; threatened Woodsia x abbeae Butters - Abbe's woodsia
(W. ilvensis x oregana cathcartiana) sterile hybrid Woodsia x gracilis (Lawson) Butters - slender woodsia
(W. alpina x ilvensis) sterile hybrid Woodsia x maxonii R.M. Tryon - Maxon's woodsia
(W. oregana x scopulina) known only from Cook Co. (one population, collected 1947); rare historic record Elaeagnus angustifolia L. - Russian-olive
native to Eurasia Elaeagnus commutata Bernhardi ex Rudberg - silverberry
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. - autumn olive
native to eastern Asia; reported for Minnesota (Brown Co.) by U.S. Forest Service but no specimens at MIN; known from IA and WI Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nuttall - silver buffaloberry
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nuttall - soapberry
special concern Elatine americana (Pursh) Arnott - American waterwort
Elatine minima (Nuttall) von Fischer & C.A. Meyer - small waterwort
Elatine rubella Rydb. - southwestern waterwort
Elatine triandra Schkuhr - three-stamened waterwort
Equisetum arvense L. - field horsetail
toxic to livestock, especially horses Equisetum fluviatile L. - river horsetail
Equisetum hyemale L. - scouringrush horsetail
Equisetum hyemale subsp. affine (Engelmann) Calder & Roy L. Taylor - tall scouring rush
toxic to livestock, especially horses; considered a weed by some as can be aggressive Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun - smooth scouring rush
Equisetum palustre L. - marsh horsetail
toxic to livestock Equisetum pratense Ehrhart - meadow horsetail
Equisetum scirpoides Michaux - dwarf scouringrush
Equisetum sylvaticum L. - woods horsetail
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr - variegated scouringrush
Equisetum variegatum subsp. variegatum - variegated scouringrush
Equisetum x ferrissii Clute - Ferriss' scouring-rush
(E. hyemale x laevigatum) Equisetum x litorale K - shallow-water horsetail
(E. arvense x fluviatile) Equisetum x mackaii (Newman) Brichan - Mack's scouring-rush
(E. hyemale x variegatum) Equisetum x nelsonii (A.A. Eaton) J.H. Schaffner - Nelson's horsetail
Andromeda polifolia L. - bog rosemary
Andromeda polifolia var. latifolia Aiton - bog rosemary
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel - bearberry
subsp. not recognized; leaves contain toxic compounds Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench - leatherleaf
Upland-Conifer Forest, Shin-leaf Family Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata - pipsissewa
Empetrum atropurpureum Fernald & Wiegand - purple crowberry
disjunct from eastern Canada; known only from Cook Co. (last collected 1980); endangered Empetrum nigrum L. - black crowberry
known only from Cook Co. (last collected in 1929); var./subsp. not recognized; endangered Epigaea repens L. - trailing arbutus
leaves contain toxic compounds Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhlenberg ex Bigelow - creeping snowberry
Gaultheria procumbens L. - checkerberry
Upland-Conifer Forest, Heath Family Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenheim) K. Koch - black huckleberry
threatened Kalmia polifolia Wangenheim - bog laurel
Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray - one flowered pyrola
Monotropa hypopitys L. - many flowered Indian pipe
(note change in spelling) Monotropa uniflora L. - Indianpipe
Orthilia secunda (L.) House - one sided pyrola
Pyrola americana Sweet - round leaf pyrola
leaves contain toxic compounds Pyrola asarifolia Michaux - liverleaf wintergreen
Pyrola asarifolia subsp. asarifolia - pink shinleaf
Pyrola chlorantha Swartz - green pyrola
Pyrola elliptica Nuttall - elliptic shinleaf
Upland-Conifer Forest, Shin-leaf Family Pyrola minor L. - small shinleaf
special concern Pyrola rotundifolia L. - round leaf pyrola
Upland-Conifer Forest, Shin-leaf Family Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd - rusty Labrador tea
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton - sweet lobush blueberry
Upland-Conifer Forest, Heath Family Vaccinium caespitosum Michaux - dwarf blueberry
(note change in spelling) Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton - large cranberry
Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Torrey - thinleaf blueberry
erroneous report Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux - velvetleaf blueberry
Upland-Conifer Forest, Heath Family Vaccinium oxycoccos L. - small cranberry
Vaccinium pallidum Aiton - Blue Ridge blueberry
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IL south-and eastward Vaccinium uliginosum L. - alpine bilberry
known only from Cook Co. (last collected 2002); vars. not recognized; endangered Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. - lingonberry
Eriocaulon aquaticum (Hill) Druce - sevenangle pipewort
Acalypha rhomboidea Rafinesque - diamond copperleaf
Chamaesyce missurica Raf. - Missouri spurge
special concern Croton glandulosus L. - vente conmigo
Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg. - vente-conmigo
Euphorbia agraria M. Bieb. - urban spurge
erroneous report Euphorbia brachycera Engelm. - horned spurge
native to western Great Plains and mountain states; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; erroneous record Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A. Gray - tinted woodland spurge
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA Euphorbia corollata L. - flowering spurge
Euphorbia cyathophora Murray - painted leaf
Euphorbia cyparissias L. - cypress spurge
native to Eurasia; may cause severe skin irritation, poisonous to cattle Euphorbia davidii Subils - David's spurge
Euphorbia dentata Michaux - toothed spurge
Euphorbia dentata var. dentata - toothed spurge
Euphorbia esula L. - leafy spurge
misapplied; see E. virgata Euphorbia geyeri Engelmann - dune spurge
Euphorbia geyeri var. geyeri - dune spurge
Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelmann - ridge-seeded spurge
Euphorbia helioscopia L. - sun spurge
native to Europe; known only from Winona Co. (historical collection from 1885) Euphorbia hexagona Nuttall ex Sprengel - sixangle spurge
Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex A. Gray - spreading sandmat
native to southern Great Plains; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Euphorbia maculata L. - prostrate hairy spurge
Euphorbia marginata Pursh - snow on the mountain
may cause severe skin irritation Euphorbia missurica Rafinesque - Missouri spurge
Euphorbia nutans Lagasca y Segura - eyebane
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton - thyme-leaf spurge
Euphorbia serpillifolia Pers. - thyme-leaf spurge
Euphorbia spathulata Lamarck - prairie spurge
Euphorbia vermiculata Raf. - wormseed sandmat
Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. - leafy spurge
source: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/lead-plant Amorpha canescens Pursh - leadplant
Amorpha fruticosa L. - false indigo bush
Amorpha nana Nuttall - fragrant indigo bush
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald - American hog peanut
Amphicarpaea bracteata var. bracteata - American hogpeanut
Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fernald - American hogpeanut
Apios americana Medikus - groundnut
Astragalus adsurgens var. robustior Hook. - prairie milkvetch
Astragalus agrestis Douglas ex G. Don - field milk vetch
Astragalus alpinus L. - alpine milk-vetch
Astragalus alpinus var. alpinus - alpine milkvetch
disjunct from Canada and western mountains of US; first collected 1991; endangered Astragalus canadensis L. - Canadian milk vetch
Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis - Canadian milkvetch
Astragalus cicer L. - chickpea milkvetch
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (one mining road population, collected 2001) Astragalus crassicarpus Nuttall - ground-plum milk-vetch
Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus - prairie plum
Astragalus flexuosus (Hooker) Douglas ex G. Don - flexible milk-vetch
Astragalus flexuosus var. flexuosus - slender milk vetchch
special concern Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. - Laxmann's milkvetch
Astragalus laxmannii var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S.L. Welsh - prairie milkvetch
Astragalus lotiflorus Hooker - lotus milkvetch
Astragalus missouriensis Nuttall - Missouri milk-vetch
Astragalus missouriensis var. missouriensis - Missouri milkvetch
special concern Astragalus neglectus (Torrey & A. Gray) E. Sheldon - Cooper's milkvetch
Astragalus racemosus Pursh - cream milk-vetch
Astragalus racemosus var. racemosus - racemose milk vetch
known only from Pipestone Co. (historical collection from 1895); rare historic record Astragalus tenellus Pursh - looseflower milkvetch
eastern limit of distribution; known only from Otter Tail Co. (historical collections to 1892); rare historic record Baptisia alba (L.) Vent - white wild indigo
special concern Baptisia alba var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isley - white wild indigo
special concern Baptisia australis (L.) R. Brown ex W.T. Aiton - blue false indigo
Wild blue indigo provides nectar to a number of butterflies as well as other pollinators. Depending on location and availability of competing food plants (most notably crown vetch and alfalfa), the following caterpillars may use blue wild indigo for food: Clouded Sulphur: Caterpillars eat leaves of many plants in the pea family. Orange Sulphur: Caterpillars eat the leaves of many plants in the pea family. Frosted Elfin: Caterpillars eat flowers and young seedpods. Eastern Tailed-Blue: Caterpillar eggs are laid on flower buds and the caterpillars then eat the bud, flowers, and seeds. Hoary Edge Skipper: Individual eggs are laid in flower buds. Caterpillars eat flowers and seedpods. Wild Indigo Duskywing: A widespread butterfly that is fairly common in it's range., source: http://www.nababutterfly.com/wild_blue_inidigo.html Baptisia australis var. australis - blue wild indigo
native to eastern and southeastern US; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one roadside population, collected 1956), probably garden escapee; roots possibly toxic Baptisia bracteata Muhlenberg ex Elliott - longbract wild indigo
special concern Baptisia bracteata var. leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi - longbract wild indigo
special concern Baptisia lactea (Rafinesque) Thieret - white wild indigo
Baptisia lactea var. lactea - white wild indigo
special concern Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Brown ex W.T. Aiton - yellow wild indigo
native to eastern US and Canada; known only from Lake City area (historical collection from 1882) Caragana arborescens Lamarck - Siberian peashrub
native to Siberia Caragana frutex (L.) K.Koch - Russian peashrub
Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michaux) Greene - prairie senna
Long-tongued bees are responsible for pollination of the flowers, which includes honeybees, bumblebees, long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), and leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.). Two species of bees, Anthophora walshii and Svastra atripes atripes, are oligoleges of Partridge Pea. Sometimes leaf-cutting bees cut off portions of the petals for their brood chambers. The petiolar nectaries attract a completely different assortment of insects, including: Halictid bees, wasps, flies, and ants (Robertson, 1929). Unusual visitors to the nectaries are velvet ants (Mutillidae). The caterpillars of several sulfur butterflies feed on the foliage of this plant, including Eurema lisa (Little Sulfur), Eurema nicippe (Sleepy Orange), and Phoebis sennae cubule (Cloudless Sulfur); see Opler & Krizek (1984). Other insects that feed on Partridge Pea include Cerotoma trifurcata (Bean Leaf Beetle) and Sennius cruentatus (Partridge Pea Seed Beetle); see Clark et al. (2004) and Vestal (1913)., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/part_peax.htm Chamaecrista fasciculata var. fasciculata - partridge pea
Clitoria mariana L. - Atlantic pigeonwings
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IA, NE Coronilla varia L. - crownvetch
native to Mediterranean region Crotalaria sagittalis L. - arrowhead rattlebox
special concern Dalea candida Michaux ex Willdenow - white prairie clover
Dalea candida var. candida - white prairie clover
Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torrey) Shinners - white prairie clover
special concern Dalea leporina (Aiton) Bullock - foxtail dalea
Dalea purpurea Ventenat - purple prairie clover
The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract many kinds of insects, including honeybees, bumblebees, cuckoo bees (Triepeolus spp., Coelioxys spp.), long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (including green metallic bees), plasterer bees (Colletes spp.), Sphecid wasps, Tiphiid wasps, Syrphid flies, bee flies (Bombyliidae), thick-headed flies (Conopidae), small butterflies, skippers, and beetles (Robertson, 1929; Reed, 1993, 1995). The following plasterer bees are oligoleges (specialist pollinators) of Dalea spp. (prairie clovers): Colletes albescens, Colletes robertsonii, Colletes susannae, and Colletes wilmattae. Other insects feed destructively on the seeds, foliage, and other parts of Purple Prairie Clover and other prairie clovers. These species include seed-eating larvae of some weevils (Apion reconditum, Apion tenuirostrum, Apion capitone), seed-eating larvae of a beetle (Acanthoscelides seminulum), a plant bug (Lopidea minor), Three-spotted Treehopper (Vanduzea triguttata), Little Pasture Grasshopper (Melanoplus confusus), and larvae of two butterflies, the Dogface Sulphur (Colias cesonia) and Reakirt's Blue (Hemiargus isola); see Sauer (2005), Boe & Johnson (2014), Kingsolver (2004), Knight (1941), Haarstad (2002), Campbell et al. (1974), and Opler & Krizek (1984)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ppr_cloverx.htm Dalea purpurea var. purpurea - purple prairie clover
Dalea villosa (Nuttall) Sprengel - silky prairie clover
Dalea villosa var. villosa - silky prairie clover
special concern Desmodium canadense (L.) DeCandolle - Canadian tick trefoil
The most important pollinators of the flowers are long-tongued bees, including bumblebees, Melissodes spp. (long-horned bees), and Megachile spp. (leaf-cutting bees). Other insects feed on the foliage, seeds, and other parts of Showy Tick Trefoil and other Desmodium spp. (tick trefoils). These species include the seed-eating larvae of such weevils as Apion decoloratum and Apion reconditum; Odontota horni (Soybean Leafminer), Pachybrachis othonus, and other leaf beetles; larvae of such gall flies as Choristoneura hamata and Neolasioptera desmodii; Microparsus desmodiorum, Microparsus olivei, and other aphids; the seed-eating Megalotomus quinquespinosus (Lupine Bug); leaf-eating larvae of Atomacera debilis (an Argid sawfly); leaf-eating larvae of such moths as Caloptilia violacella and Parectopa lespedezaefoliella; leaf-eating larvae of such skippers as Thorybes bathyllus (Southern Cloudywing) and Thorybes pylades (Northern Cloudywing); larvae of two butterflies, Everes comyntas (Eastern Tailed Blue) and Strymon melinus (Gray Hairstreak); and Neohydatathrips desmodianus (Tick Trefoil Thrips). The flowering stems of Showy Tick Trefoil are a preferred food source of Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle), which can weaken this plant sufficiently to interfere with the formation of seedpods., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/shw_trefoilx.htm Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. - hoary ticktrefoil
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA, NE Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) de Candolle ex Loudon - largebract ticktrefoil
Desmodium cuspidatum var. longifolium (Torrey & A. Gray) B.G. Schubert - big tick trefoil
threatened Desmodium glutinosum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Wood - pointedleaf ticktrefoil
Desmodium illinoense A. Gray - prairie tick trefoil
Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) de Candolle - stemless tick trefoil
threatened Gleditsia triacanthos L. - honeylocust
Glycine max (L.) Merrill - soybean
native to China and Japan; occasionally reported along farm roadsides but not persisting Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh - American licorice
Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch - Kentucky coffee tree
special concern Gymnocladus dioicus - Kentucky coffeetree
seeds toxic to livestock; special concern Lathyrus japonicus Willd. - beach pea
Lathyrus latifolius L. - everlasting pea
native to southern Europe; toxic to animals Lathyrus ochroleucus Hooker - cream vetchling
Lathyrus palustris L. - marsh vetchling
Lathyrus sylvestris L. - flat pea
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Lathyrus tuberosus L. - tuberous sweetpea
native to Eurasia Lathyrus venosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - veiny pea
Lespedeza capitata Michx. - round headed bush clover
Lespedeza cuneata G. Don - Chinese lespedeza
native to eastern Asia; known only from Sherburne Co. (nursery holding area, collected 2005) Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Hornem. - shrubby lespedeza
Lespedeza leptostachya Engelmann ex A. Gray - prairie bush clover
federal Threatened list; northern limit of distribution; threatened Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. - violet lespedeza
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA, NE Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton - slender bush clover
native to eastern US; known only from Winona Co. (one revegetated-field population, collected 1997) Lotus corniculatus L. - bird's-foot trefoil
Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus - bird's-foot trefoil
native to Europe Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. - American bird's-foot trefoil
Lotus unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus - American bird's-foot trefoil
Lupinus perennis L. - wild lupine
The flowers are cross-pollinated primarily by honeybees, bumblebees, digger bees (Synhalonia spp.), Mason bees (Osmia spp.), and other long-tongued bees. Other floral visitors include Halictid bees and bee flies. Only pollen is available as a floral reward, which is forcibly ejected into the faces of insects. Occasionally, the Karner Blue and other butterflies visit the flowers, searching for nectar, with no success. Several insects feed on the foliage and other parts of Wild Lupine. These insects include caterpillars of the butterflies Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Karner Blue) and Callophrys irus (Frosted Elfin), and caterpillars of the skippers Erynnis baptisiae (Wild Indigo Duskywing) and Erynnis persius (Persius Duskywing). The caterpillars of several moths also feed on Wild Lupine: Caenurgina crassiuscula (Clover Looper), Grammia phyllira (Phyllira Tiger Moth), Grammia placentia (Placentia Tiger Moth), Utetheisa bella (Bella Moth), and Walshia miscecolorella (Sweet Clover Root Borer). Other insects feeders include Empoasca fabae (Potato Leafhopper), Hadronema militaris (Military Plant Bug), and seed-eating larvae of the weevil Apion minor., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_lupine.htm Lupinus perennis var. occidentalis S. Watsom - sundial lupine
Lupinus perennis var. perennis - sundial lupine
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindley - large leaved lupine
Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus - bigleaf lupine
Medicago lupulina L. - black medick
native to Eurasia Medicago sativa L. - alfalfa
native to Eurasia Medicago sativa subsp. sativa - alfalfa
native to Eurasia Melilotus albus Medik. - sweetclover
native to Eurasia; moderately toxic to livestock; considered by some to be a color variant of M. officinalis Melilotus indicus (L.) All. - annual yellow sweetclover
native to Mediterranean region; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lamarck - sweetclover
native to Eurasia; moderately toxic to livestock Onobrychis viciifolia Scopoli - sainfoin
native to southern Europe; known only from Otter Tail Co. (historical collection of 1911; population soon destroyed after discovery) Oxytropis borealis DC. - boreal locoweed
Oxytropis borealis var. viscida (Nutt.) S.L. Welsh - viscid locoweed
Oxytropis campestris (L.) de Candolle - flat locoweed
Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea (Fassett) Barneby - field locoweed
report unverified Oxytropis campestris var. dispar (A. Nelson) Barneby - field locoweed
Oxytropis lambertii Pursh - purple locoweed
Oxytropis lambertii var. lambertii - Lambert
poisonous to livestock Oxytropis splendens Douglas ex Hooker - showy locoweed
only known specimen from Minnesota ("Chippewa River") deposted at GH; poisonous to livestock Oxytropis viscida Nuttall - sticky locoweed
disjunct from western North America and arctic regions, known only from Cook Co., (last collected 1997); poisonous to livestock; endangered Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J.W.Grimes - silver leaf scurf pea
Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydberg - prairie turnip
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg - slender leaf scurf pea
endangered Robinia hispida L. - bristly locust
Robinia hispida var. hispida - rose acacia
native to southeastern US; flowers possibly toxic Robinia pseudoacacia L. - black locust
native to southeastern US; potentially invasive; toxic, especially to children and horses Robinia viscosa Ventenat - clammy locust
Robinia viscosa var. viscosa - clammy locust
Securigera varia - crownvetch
The flowers are cross-pollinated by long-tongued bees, including honeybees. Some insects are known to feed on the foliage of Crown Vetch in North America. These species include both adults and larvae of the Bean Leaf Beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata), both adults and larvae of a flea beetle (Disonycha punctigera), larvae of a leaf-miner fly (Liriomyza trifoliearum), larvae of the butterflies, Orange Sulfur (Colias eurytheme) and Melissa Blue (Lycaenides melissa melissa), larvae of the skipper, Wild Indigo Duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae), the Alfalfa Plant Bug (Adelphocoris limbatus), Marmorated Brown Stink Bug (Holcostethus limbolarius), Differential Grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis), and Red-legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum); see Clark et al. (2004), Spencer & Steyskal (1986), Gucker (2009), Bouseman et al. (2006), Wheeler et al. (1983), and Rider (2009) for more information., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/crown_vetch.htm Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott - wild bean
Strophostyles leiosperma (Torrey & A. Gray) Piper - trailing pea
may cause skin irritation, seeds toxic; special concern Trifolium arvense L. - rabbitfoot clover
native to Eurasia and northern Africa Trifolium aureum Pollich - palmate hopclover
native to Eurasia Trifolium campestre Schreber - field hopclover
native to Eurasia and northern Africa Trifolium dubium Sibth. - suckling clover
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Not native in Minnesota., source: minnesotawildflowers.info Trifolium hybridum L. - alsike clover
native to Eurasia Trifolium incarnatum L. - crimson clover
native to Europe Trifolium pratense L. - red clover
native to Europe Trifolium repens L. - white clover
native to Eurasia Vicia americana Muhlenberg ex Willdenow - American vetch
Vicia americana subsp. americana - American vetch
Vicia americana subsp. minor (Hook.) Piper & Beattie - American vetch
Vicia caroliniana Walt. - Carolina vetch
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IL Vicia cracca L. - tufted vetch
Vicia cracca subsp. cracca - bird vetch
native to Eurasia Vicia sativa L. - garden vetch
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. - garden vetch
Vicia sativa subsp. sativa - spring vetch
native to southern Europe Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber - lentil vetch
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one population collected 2009) Vicia villosa Roth - hairy vetch
Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corbière - winter vetch
erroneous report Vicia villosa subsp. villosa - winter vetch
Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart - American beech
Quercus alba L. - white oak
Quercus bicolor Willdenow - swamp white oak
special concern Quercus coccinea Münchh. - scarlet oak
erroneous report Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill - northern pin oak
Oak Savanna, Quér-cus, ancient Latin name; el-lip-so-i-dà-lis, ellipsoidal, referring to the acorn Quercus macrocarpa Michaux - bur oak
Oak Savanna, Quér-cus, ancient Latin name; ma-cro-cár-pa, large-fruited Quercus muehlenbergii Engelmann - chestnut oak
known only from Houston Co. (historical collection from 1899); rare historic record Quercus prinoides Willd. - dwarf chinkapin oak
erroneous report Quercus rubra L. - northern red oak
Upland-Conifer Forest Quercus velutina Lamarck - black oak
Quercus x bebbiana C.K. Schneider - Bebb's hybrid oak
(Q. alba x macrocarpa) Quercus x hawkinsiae Sudworth - Hawkins' hybrid oak
(Q. rubra x velutina) known only from Houston Co. (last collected 1982) Quercus x paleolithicola Trelease - fossil oak
(Q. ellipsoidalis x velutina) known only from Houston (last collected 1915) and Wabash (collected 2000) counties Quercus x schuettei Trelease - Schuette's hybrid oak
(Q. bicolor x macrocarpa) known in Minnesota only from urban street trees (historical collections to 1918); this hybrid not named in FNA Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg - Allegheny vine
special concern Corydalis aurea Willd. - scrambled eggs
Corydalis aurea var. aurea - golden corydalis
plant potentially toxic Corydalis micrantha (Engelmann ex A. Gray) A. Gray - smallflower fumewort
Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Persoon - pink and yellow corydalis
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walpers - squirrel corn
special concern Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernhardi - dutchman's breeches
may cause skin irritation, leaves and roots potentially poisonous Fumaria officinalis L. - earthsmoke
native to Europe and northern Africa; known only from Winona Co. (one population, collected 1901) Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg - yellow bartonia
western limit of distribution; endangered Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce - beautiful centaury
native to Europe; doubtfully persisting annual Gentiana affinis Grisebach - northern gentian
special concern Gentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt. - plain gentian
Gentiana andrewsii Grisebach - closed bottle gentian
Bumblebees are the primary pollinators of the flowers, as they are one of the few insects that can force their way past the closed corolla. This floral characteristic excludes smaller insects that are less efficient at pollination from robbing nectar and pollen from the bumblebees., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/bt_gentianx.htm Gentiana andrewsii var. andrewsii - closed bottle gentian
Gentiana andrewsii var. dakotica A. Nelson - Dakota gentian
Gentiana puberulenta J.S. Pringle - prairie gentian
Gentiana rubricaulis Schweinitz - Great Lakes gentian
Gentiana x billingtonii Farwell - Billington's gentian
(G. andrewsii x puberulenta) known only from Dakota Co. (one railroad population, collected 1956) Gentiana x curtisii J.S. Pringle - Curtis' gentian
(Gentiana alba x puberulenta) Gentiana x grandilacustris J.S. Pringle - big lake gentian
(G. andrewsii x rubricaulis) reported as endemic to MN and WI by USDA-NRCS; in MN known only from Clearwater County (Itasca SP, collected 1935) Gentiana x pallidocyanea J.S. Pringle - gentian
(G. alba x andrewsii) reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA Gentianella amarella (L.) B̦rner - felwort
special concern Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta (Michaux) J.M. Gillett - autumn dwarf gentian
Gentianella quinquefolia Small - agueweed
Gentianella quinquefolia subsp. occidentalis (A.Gray) Small - stiff gentian
Gentianopsis crinita (Froelich) Ma - greater fringed gentian
Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottbøll) Ma - Macoun's gentian
misapplied name; see Gentianopsis virgata subsp. macounii Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub - soft-stem spikerush
Gentianopsis virgata subsp. macounii (T. Holm) J.S. Pringle - Macoun's gentian
Gentianopsis virgata subsp. virgata - lesser fringed gentian
Halenia deflexa Grisebach - American spurred gentian
Halenia deflexa var. deflexa - American spurred gentian
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H̩ritier ex Aiton - redstem stork's bill
native to Mediterranean region Geranium bicknellii Britton - northern crane's bill
Geranium carolinianum L. - Carolina crane's bill
Geranium carolinianum var. carolinianum - Carolina geranium
Geranium carolinianum var. sphaerospermum (Fernald) Breitung - Carolina geranium
Geranium maculatum L. - wild geranium
Geranium pratense L. - meadow geranium
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2004) Geranium pusillum L. - small geranium
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN Geranium robertianum L. - herb robert
Geranium robertianum subsp. robertianum - Robert geranium
Geranium sanguineum L. - bloody crane
native to Europe; only known collection at DUL Geranium sibiricum L. - Siberian crane's bill
native to Eurasia Ribes americanum Miller - wild black currant
Ribes aureum Pursh - golden currant
Ribes aureum var. villosum de Candolle - clove currant
considered native in the Great Plains (west of the Mississippi River) but widely spreading elsewhere Ribes cynosbati L. - dogberry
Ribes glandulosum Grauer - skunk currant
Ribes hirtellum Michaux - swamp gooseberry
Ribes hudsonianum Richardson - northern black currant
vars. not recognized, although in some regions distinctions occur Ribes lacustre (Persoon) Poiret - bristly black currant
Ribes missouriense Nuttall - Missouri gooseberry
Ribes nigrum L. - European black currant
native to Eurasia; known only from Ramsey Co. (one agricultural population, collected 1924) Ribes oxyacanthoides L. - Canadian gooseberry
Ribes oxyacanthoides var. oxyacanthoides - northern gooseberry
Ribes rubrum L. - red currant
native to Eurasia Ribes triste Pallas - red currant
Ribes uva-crispa L. - European gooseberry
erroneous report Myriophyllum alterniflorum de Candolle - alternate flower watermilfoil
Myriophyllum farwellii Morong - Farwell's watermilfoil
Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michaux - broadleaf watermilfoil
known only from St. Louis Co. (one population, collected 1992); special concern Myriophyllum humile (Rafinesque) Morong - low watermilfoil
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IL Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov - common watermilfoil
Myriophyllum spicatum L. - Eurasian watermilfoil
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed and MN-DNR Prohibited Invasive Species list; recent research suggests that this is problematical only when forming dense surface mats that shade out native vegetation below Myriophyllum tenellum Bigelow - slender watermilfoil
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. - whorled watermilfoil
Hamamelis virginiana L. - American witchhazel
threatened Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. - lemon lily
native to Asia Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. - yellow daylily
native to Asia; reported by Ownbey & Morley 1991 as occasionally escaping from cultivation but no specimens at MIN Philadelphus coronarius L. - sweet mock orange
erroneous report Philadelphus pubescens Loiseleur-Deslongchamps - hairy mock orange
Philadelphus pubescens var. pubescens - hoary mock orange
Egeria densa Planch. - Brazilian waterweed
native to S. America; unverified report from Hennepin Co.; probably not long-persisting (introduced with aquarium trade) Elodea bifoliata H. St.John - twoleaf waterweed
endangered Elodea canadensis Michaux - frog
Elodea nuttallii (Planchon) H. St. John - Nuttall
Najas flexilis (Willdenow) Rostkovius & W.L.E. Schmidt - flexuosu naiad
Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelmann) Magnus - slender naiad
special concern Najas guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus - southern waternymph
Najas guadalupensis subsp. guadalupensis - southern waternymph
Najas guadalupensis subsp. olivacea (Rosendahl & Butters) R.R. Haynes & Hellquist - olive-colored water naiad
special concern Najas marina L. - sea naiad
special concern Najas minor Allioni - brittle naiad
on MN-DNR Prohibited Invasive Species list; disjunct from IL, IN, MI, probably introduced; known only from Dakota Co. (one population, collected 2003) Vallisneria americana Michaux - tapegrass
vars. not recognized Hypericum ascyron L. - great St. Johnswort
Hypericum ascyron subsp. pyramidatum (Aiton) N. Robson - great St. Johnswort
Hypericum boreale (Britton) E.P. Bicknell - dwarf St. John
Hypericum canadense L. - lesser Canadian St Johnswort
erroneous report Hypericum ellipticum Hooker - pale St. Johnswort
Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. - orangegrass
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA Hypericum kalmianum L. - Kalm's St. Johnswort
disjunct from central and eastern Great Lakes, known only from Lake Co. (one population at wilderness entry point, 2005) Hypericum maculatum Crantz - spotted St. Johnswort
Hypericum maculatum subsp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet) Hayek - imperforate St. John's wort
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; collected 2007) Hypericum majus (A.Gray) Britton - large St. Johnswort
Hypericum mutilum L. - dwarf St. Johnswort
Hypericum mutilum subsp. mutilum L. - dwarf St. Johnswort
Hypericum perforatum L. - common Saint John
Hypericum perforatum subsp. perforatum - common St. Johnswort
Hypericum prolificum L. - shrubby St. Johnswort
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA Hypericum punctatum Lamarck - spotted St. Johnswort
Hypericum pyramidatum Aiton - great St. Johnswort
Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason - Fraser's marsh St. Johnswort
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville - eastern yellow star grass
Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. - blackberry lily
native to eastern Asia; reported by Ownbey & Morley 1991 as escaping cultivation in Waseca Co. but no specimens at MIN Iris germanica L. - German bearded iris
native to Europe; known only from Sherburne Co. (Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, one hillside population, collected 2001) Iris missouriensis Nuttall - Rocky Mountain iris
erroneous report Iris pallida Lamarck - sweet iris
native to Mediterranean region; known only from Douglas Co. (one roadside population, collected 1940) Iris pseudacorus L. - yellow flag
native to Europe Iris versicolor L. - northern blue flag
roots poisonous Iris virginica L. - southern blue flag
vars. not recognized Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller - narrowleaf blue-eyed grass
native of eastern US and Canada; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; last collected 1950), probably introduced initially with ballast; DNR watch list Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. Bicknell - field blue eyed grass
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene - strict blue-eyed grass
Sisyrinchium montanum var. cerebrum Fernald - strict blue-eyed grass
erroneous report Sisyrinchium montanum var. montanum - strict blue-eyed grass
Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michaux - pointed petal blue eyed grass
Isoetes echinospora Durieu - Braun
vars. not recognized Isoetes lacustris L. - lake quillwort
Isoetes melanopoda Gay & Durieu - prairie quillwort
northern limit of distribution; endangered Isoetes tenella L. - Braun
misapplied to our flora, see I. echinospora Isoetes x hickeyi Taylor & Luebke - quillwort
Carya cordiformis (Wangenheim) K. Koch - pignut hickory
Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch - shagbark hickory
Carya ovata var. ovata - shellbark hickory
Juglans cinerea L. - white walnut
endangered Juglans nigra L. - black walnut
moderately toxic to dogs and horses (particularly bark/wood shavings for bedding) Juncus acuminatus Michaux - tapertip rush
reported for Minnesota by FNA and MN-DNR but no specimens at MIN; known from IA, WI Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix - alpine rush
Juncus anthelatus (Wiegand) R.E. Brooks - greater poverty rush
reported for Minnesota by FNA and MN-DNR but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, IA, WI Juncus arcticus Willdenow - arctic rush
Juncus arcticus var. arcticus - arctic rush
erroneous report Juncus arcticus var. balticus (Willdenow) Trautvetter - Baltic rush
Juncus articulatus L. - jointed rush
previously known only from Ramsey Co. (collected 1922) but recently (1998) collected from Aitkin Co.; endangered Juncus brachycarpus Engelmann - short fruited rush
disjunct from IL; known only from Blue Earth Co. (collected 1948) Juncus brachycephalus (Engelmann) Buchenau - smallhead rush
erroneous report Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelmann) Fernald - narrowpanicle rush
Juncus bufonius L. - seaside rush
vars. not recognized Juncus canadensis J. Gay - Canadian rush
Juncus compressus Jacquin - compressed rush
Juncus dudleyi Wiegand - Dudley's rush
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