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Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas

Bell Museum

Includes taxa from following child checklists:
Authors: Anita Cholewa, George Weiblen, Katie Noren & Timothy Whitfeld
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Locality: Minnesota
Abstract:

A comprehensive, annotated list of the vascular plants known, or reported, to occur in Minnesota
as native, naturalized, or adventive species.

Family membership is according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (Bot. J.
Linnean Soc. 141: 399-436, 2003) and species names are based on published volumes of the
Flora of North America (FNA), recent journals for changes after FNA publication (if accepted by major
taxonomic indices), and Gleason and Cronquist 1991 for others. Although not all taxonomists
may agree with FNA, a wide array of experts from many areas have been consulted and this
consequently represents the most up-to-date understanding of our flora.

The checklist was originally developed as a document by Anita Cholewa and was subsequently
translated into a relational database format by George Weiblen and Katie Noren.
Timothy Whitfeld continues to improve the checklist as new volumes of FNA are published.

Common names as given in the USDA-NRCS Plants database (2008) are also provided,
followed by other common names widely used, or by Native American names.

Protection status is indicated for species listed as either endangered, threatened or
of special concern by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

Click on a scientific name to view specimens and a distribution map.


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Families: 159
Genera: 811
Species: 2693
Total Taxa (details): 2877

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Crataegus scabrida Sargent - rough leaved hawthorn
known only from Houston Co. (Spring Grove area, historical collections from 1902); USDA-NRCS 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; NatureServe 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; ITIS 2009 – recognized taxon; Smith 2008 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; rare historic record
Crataegus sheridana A. Nels. - Great Plains fireberry hawthorn
USDA-NRCS 2009 – not included; NatureServe 2009 – not included; ITIS 2009 – not included; Smith 2008 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; known only from Big Stone Co. (collected 1997) but no specimens at MIN
Crataegus submollis Sarg. - Quebec hawthorn
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. - shrubby cinquefoil
Introduction from Asia, planted as an ornamental or ground cover and has been known to escape cultivation., source: minnesotawildflowers.info
native from IA, IL, WI and eastward; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one population collected 2009); only specimen at DUL
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co.
Fragaria vesca L. - woodland strawberry
Oak Savanna, Fra-gàr-i-a, Latin name from fraga, because of the fragrance of the fruit; vir-gi-ni-à-na, Virginian
Geum aleppicum Jacquin - yellow avens
Geum macrophyllum Willdenow - largeleaf avens
Geum rivale L. - purple avens
Geum triflorum Pursh - prairie smoke
The flowers are cross-pollinated by bumblebees, which seek primarily nectar from the flowers (Choberka et al., 2000). These insects are strong enough to force their way into the flowers. The adults of a leaf beetle, Graphops marcassita, have been observed to feed on Prairie Smoke (Clark et al., 2004). The larvae of this beetle may also feed on the roots., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/prairie_smoke.html
Geum triflorum var. triflorum - old man's whiskers
Geum virginianum L. - cream avens
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IL
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. - Siberian crab apple
Malus baccata var. baccata - Siberian crab apple
Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte - Japanese flowering crab apple
Malus ioensis var. ioensis - prairie crab apple
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. - plumleaf crab apple
Malus pumila Mill. - paradise apple
(Malus ioensis × pumila); erroneous record
Potentilla anserina L. - common silverweed
Potentilla argentea L. - silvery cinquefoil
native to Europe
Potentilla effusa var. effusa - branched cinquefoil
report unverified
Potentilla fruticosa L. - shrubby cinquefoil
invalid name; see Dasiphora fruticosa
Potentilla hippiana Lehmann - branched cinquefoil
Potentilla inclinata Vill. - ashy cinquefoil
report unverified
Potentilla intermedia L. - downy cinquefoil
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (one resort-grounds population, collected 1950)
Potentilla lasiodonta Rydberg - sandhills cinquefoil
known only from Polk Co. (collected 1940)
Potentilla littoralis Rydberg - lakeshore potentilla
Potentilla norvegica L. - strawberryweed
Potentilla pensylvanica L. - tansy cinquefoil
some authors include this in var. bipinnatifida
Potentilla pulcherrima Lehmann - beautiful cinquefoil
erroneous report
Potentilla recta L. - rough fruit potentilla
native to Europe
Potentilla reptans L. - creeping cinquefoil
report unverified
Potentilla rivalis Nuttall - brook cinquefoil
Potentilla simplex Michaux - old field cinquefoil
Potentilla verna L. - spring cinquefoil
native to Europe; known only from Hennepin Co. (roadside ground cover, collected 2009)
Prunus americana Marshall - American wild plum
seeds contain cyanide compounds
Prunus domestica L. - European plum
seeds contain cyanide compounds; cultigen from Europe reported as naturalized by MN-DNR (no further data) and USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
Prunus nigra Aiton - Canadian cherry
seeds contain cyanide compounds
seeds contain cyanide compounds
Prunus pumila L. - sand cherry
Prunus pumila var. pumila - Great Lakes sandcherry
Oak Savanna, Prú-nus, ancient Latin name of plums; se-rò-ti-na, late ripening
bark, leaves, seeds highly toxic to humans, pets, and especially ruminant livestock
Prunus tomentosa Thunberg - Nanking cherry
seeds contain cyanide compounds; native to Asia; naturalized only in Washington Co. (one population, collected 1990)
Prunus triloba Lindley - flowering plum
erroneous report
Prunus virginiana L. - choke cherry
Oak Savanna or Upland-Conifer Forest, Prú-nus, ancient Latin name of plums; vir-gi-ni-àn-a, Virginian
bark, leaves, seeds highly toxic to humans and livestock
Rosa acicularis Lindley - prickly wild rose
Rosa arkansana Porter - prairie wild rose
Oak Savanna, Rò-sa, ancient Latin name; ar-kan-sà-na, for the Arkansas River in Colorado
Rosa blanda Aiton - smooth wild rose
Rosa canina L. - dog rose
Rosa carolina L. - Carolina rose
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA, NE
Rosa eglanteria L. - sweetbriar rose
rejected name; see Rosa rubiginosa; native to Europe; known only from Dakota Co. (one population, collected 1943)
Rosa ferruiginea Vill. - redleaf rose
see Rosa glauca; uncertain status
Rosa glauca Pourr. - redleaf rose
native to eastern Asia; known only from Washington Co., reports from national forests unconfirmed
Rosa rubiginosa L. - sweetbriar rose
Rosa rugosa Thunberg - Japanese rose
native to eastern Asia; known only from Itasca Co. (one roadside population, collected 1958)
Rosa setigera Michx. - climbing rose
Rosa spinosissima L. - Scotch rose
Rosa woodsii Lindl. - Woods' rose
(R. blanda x woodsii)
Rosa x housei (Erlanson) - House's hybrid rose
(R. acicularis x blanda)
FNA (in press) – not included; USDA-NRCS 2009 – synonym for R. kennedyanus; NatureServe 2009 – not recognized; ITIS 2009 – synonym for R. kennedyanus; Smith 2008 – recognized taxon for Minnesota (reported only from northern MN)
Rubus allegheniensis Porter - Allegheny blackberry
Oak Savanna, Rù-bus, the Latin name, comparable to ruber, red; al-le-ghe-ni-én-sis, of the Allegheny Mountains
Rubus arcticus L. - arctic raspberry
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota (widespread across Canada with extensions into US)
Rubus canadensis L. - smooth blackberry
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota (common in eastern US and Canada)
common across Canada with few extensions into US; All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota; reported only from the northeastern counties; threatened
Rubus flagellaris Willdenow - whiplash dewberry
Oak Savanna, Rù-bus, the Latin name, comparable to ruber, red; fla-gel-là-ris, like a whip-lash
threatened
Rubus hispidus L. - bristly dewberry
FNA (in press) – recognized taxon for Minnesota; known only from along one portage trail in St. Louis Co. (collected 1952); USDA-NRCS 2009 – recognized taxon but not reported for Minnesota; NatureServe 2009 – recognized taxon but not reported for Minnesota; erroneous record
Rubus idaeus L. - American red raspberry
Rubus idaeus subsp. idaeus - American red raspberry
FNA (in press) – recognized taxon for Minnesota (as garden escape; no specimens at MIN); USDA-NRCS 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota (common across much of North America); NatureServe 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; ITIS 2009 – recognized taxon; Smith 2008 – not included
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota (Smith 2008 – synonym for var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.)
Oak Savanna or Upland-Conifer Forest, Rù-bus, the Latin name, comparable to ruber, red; i-da-è-us, of Mount Ida, Greece
Rubus illecebrosus Focke - strawberry raspberry
native to Japan; FNA (in press) – recognized taxon (but known only from Nova Scotia and Quebec south to WV); USDA-NRCS 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota – probably erroneously (no specimens at MIN); NatureServe 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; ITIS 2009 – recognized taxon; Smith 2008 – not included
Rubus multiformis Blanch. - variable blackberry
(Rubus flagellaris x setosus)
Rubus occidentalis L. - western blackberry
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota (common in eastern half of US and Canada)
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota (common in western US and Canada; disjunct in central states and provinces)
Native to Australia and eastern Asia. Observation data only in Minnesota, source: minnesotawildflowers.info
Rubus pensilvanicus Poiret - Pennsylvania blackberry
FNA (in press) – recognized taxon for Minnesota; USDA-NRCS 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota (common in eastern US and Canada); NatureServe 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; ITIS 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; Smith 2008 – not included
Rubus pergratus Blanch. - smooth blackberry
FNA (in press) – synonym for R. canadensis; USDA-NRCS 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota (common from MN and IA to ME and VA); NatureServe 2009 – recognized taxon for Minnesota; ITIS 2009 – recognized taxon; Smith 2008 – not included
Rubus pubescens Raf. - dwarf red raspberry
Upland-Conifer Forest, Rose Family
FNA (in press) – not included; USDA-NRCS 2009 – not included; NatureServe 2009 – not included; ITIS 2009 – recognized taxon; Smith 2008 – recognized taxon for Minnesota (known only from Carlton Co. and disjunct with WI populations from eastern provinces of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick; erroneous record; special concern
Rubus repens (L.) Kuntze - robin runaway
report unverified
(Rubus flagellaris x hispidus)
threatened
Rubus setosus Bigelow - bristly blackberry
All sources – recognized taxon for Minnesota (Smith 2008 recognizes R. setosus var. rotundior Bailey as a synonym for R. fulleri)
Rubus superioris L.H. Bailey - Lake Superior blackberry
FNA (in press) – synonym for R. setosus; USDA-NRCS 2009 – synonym for R. vermontanus; NatureServe 2009 – not included; ITIS 2009 – synonym for R. vermontanus; Smith 2008 – recognized taxon for Minnesota
special concern
report unverified; (Rubus canadensis x pensilvanicus)
(Rubus idaeus strigosus x occidentalis)
(Rubus arcticus acaulis x pubescens)
Rubus x wisconsinensis L.H. Bailey - Wisconsin blackberry
(Rubus pensilvanicus x setosus)
native to the west coast; reported for Minnesota by USDA but no specimens at MIN
Sorbus americana Marshall - American mountain ash
Sorbus aucuparia L. - European mountain ash
native to Europe
Spiraea alba Du Roi - white meadowsweet
Spiraea alba var. alba - white meadowsweet
report unverified
Spiraea tomentosa L. - steeplebush
(S. douglasii x salicifolia) native to Allegheny region; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; collected 2008)
(S. cantoniensis x trilobata) native to Europe
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michaux) Trattinnick - Appalachian barren strawberry
Waldsteinia fragarioides var. fragarioides - Appalachian barren strawberry
special concern
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. - common buttonbush
poisonous to livestock
Galium asprellum Michaux - rough bedstraw
Galium boreale L. - northern bedstraw
Galium brevipes - limestone swamp bedstraw
Galium circaezans Michx. - licorice bedstraw
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA, NE; DNR watch list
Galium lanceolatum Torr. - lanceleaf wild licorice
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, Barron and Washburn counties of WI and IL
Galium mollugo L. - white bedstraw
native to Europe
Galium obtusum Bigelow - soft-stem spikerush
native to Europe; known only from Washington Co. (one population, collected 1983)
Galium tinctorium L. - stiff marsh bedstraw
Galium trifidum L. - threepetal bedstraw
Galium trifidum subsp. trifidum L. - three cleft bedstraw
Galium triflorum Michaux - fragrant bedstraw
Galium verum L. - yellow bedstraw
Galium verum var. verum - yellow spring bedstraw
native to Eurasia
erroneous report
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. - longleaf summer bluet
Mitchella repens L. - partridgeberry
Upland-Conifer Forest, Madder Family
special concern
Ruppia maritima L. - widgeon grass
misapplied to our flora, see R. cirrhosa
Convallaria majalis L. - European lily of the valley
Convallaria majalis var. majalis - European lily of the valley
native to Eurasia; roots and flowers toxic to pets, potentially toxic to humans
Maianthemum canadense Desfontaines - false lily of the valley
Upland-Conifer Forest, Lily Family
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link - false solomon's seal
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link - starflower solomon's seal
Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda - three leaved false solomon
erroneous report
native to China; known only from Winona Co. (collected 2001), probably naturalized from nearby ornamental plantings; can become invasive
Ptelea trifoliata L. - common hop tree
native to south and eastern US; known only from Hennepin Co. (last collected 1951), possibly planted
Oak Savanna, Zan-thó-xy-lum, from Greek xanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood; a-me-ri-cà-num, American
Populus alba L. - silver leaf cottonwood
native to Eurasia; possibly can become invasive as spreads by root suckering
Populus balsamifera L. - balsam poplar
Populus grandidentata Michaux - big tooth cottonwood
Oak Savanna or Upland-Conifer Forest, Pó-pu-lus, ancient Latin name; gran-di-den-tà-ta, large-toothed
Populus nigra L. - black poplar
native to Eurasia; probably planted
Populus tremuloides Michaux - trembling aspen
Oak Savanna or Upland-Conifer Forest, Pó-pu-lus, ancient Latin name; tre-mu-lo-ì-des, like the Eurasian species P. tremula, trembling
Populus x canadensis Moench - Carolina poplar
(P. deltoides x nigra) reported for Minnesota by Flora of the Great Plains 1986 but no specimens at MIN
(P. alba x tremula) native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IL
(P. balsamifera x deltoides) rarely produces viable seed
(P. grandidentata x tremuloides) reported for Minnesota by Ownbey and Morley 1991 and MN-DNR but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, NE, IL
Salix alba L. - white willow
native to Europe; only two specimens (verified by G. Argus, 2010) indicate possible naturalization in Minnesota
Salix amygdaloides Andersson - peachleaf willow
Salix babylonica L. - weeping willow
misapplied; see Salix x sepulcralis
Salix bebbiana - gray willow
Salix cordata Michaux - sand dune willow
to be expected in eastern counties on sandy soil; known from WI and eastward; considered to be a synonym of S. eriocephala in Smith 2008
Salix daphnoides Villars - European willow
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one population collected 1980)
Salix discolor Muhl. - pussy willow
Salix eriocephala Michx. - heart leaved willow
misapplied to eastern US flora see S. interior; misapplied name
fide G. Argus (pers. comm.) populations of this western species are quite distinct from the eastern S. eriocephala; in Minnesota, however, there exists a narrow band of hybrids
Salix humilis Marshall - upland willow
Salix interior Rowlee - narrow leaf willow
Salix lucida Muhlenberg - shining willow
vars. not recognized
misapplied to our flora (G. Argus, pers. comm.) see S. famelica; misapplied name
Salix maccalliana Rowlee - hoary fruited willow
special concern
Salix myricoides Muhl. - bayberry willow
erroneous report
Salix nigra Marshall - black willow
vars. not recognized
state Special Conern list; threatened
Salix pentandra L. - bay willow
native to Europe; fide G. Argus 2010, only carpellate plants are found in the US
Salix petiolaris Smith - slender leaved willow
Salix planifolia Pursh - plane-leaved willow
Salix pseudomonticola C.R. Ball - false mountaineer willow
vegetative specimens may be easily confused with S. famelica; special concern
Salix purpurea L. - purpleosier willow
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN
Salix sericea Marshall - silky willow
vegetative material may be difficult to distinguish from S. petiolaris; known only from Fillmore Co. (collected 1982)
potentially invasive (fide G. Argus 2010), unlike most willows, seeds of this species experience winter dormancy and germinate very early in the spring before the seedlings can be outcompeted by others, and Smith 2008 indicates few Minnesota plants are long-lived
(S. bebbiana x discolor) only one specimen identified as "possibly S. bebbiana x discolor" suggested by the presence of ferruginous hairs but otherwise characters indicate S. bebbiana (fide G. Argus, 2010); Isanti County (collected 1926)
Salix x conifera Wangenh. - prairie willow
(Salix discolor x humilis)
Salix x fragilis L. - whitecrack willow
(S. alba x euxina) native to Europe; viable seed rarely produced
(S. candida x eriocephala) – erroneously reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS; currently known only from Newfoundland and NY
(S. alba x babylonica) native to Europe; previously all weeping willows were called S. babylonica, which is not cold hardy; strongly pendulous and golden branches; known only from Anoka Co. (collected 2006)
(S. alba x babylonica) native to Europe; previously all weeping willows were called S. babylonica, which is not cold hardy; possibly var. sepulcralis (fide G. Argus 2010) -- known only from Cass Co. (collected 1992)
Federally listed Noxious Weed and on MN-DNR’s Prohibited Invasive Species list; common aquarium plant native to tropical Asia and known only from southernmost states; unlikely to be overwintering in Minnesota; reports from Winona Co. unverified
Acer ginnala Maxim. - amur maple
native to Asia
Acer negundo L. - box elder
Oak Savanna, À-cer, ancient Latin name; ne-gún-do, aboriginal name
Acer pensylvanicum L. - striped maple
report unverified
Acer platanoides L. - Norway maple
native to Europe; naturalized only in St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; collected 2003)
Acer rubrum L. - red maple
Oak Savanna, À-cer, ancient Latin name; rù-brum, red
fall leaves deadly poisonous to horses
Acer saccharinum L. - silver maple
Acer spicatum Lam. - moose maple
Presence in Minnesota based on observation records from Minnesota Wildflowers website
Aesculus glabra Willdenow - horse chestnut
native to eastern US; toxic to pets
Aesculus hippocastanum L. - horse chestnut
Sarracenia purpurea L. - northern pitcher plant
Sarracenia purpurea var. gibbosa - purple pitcher plant
erroneous report
misapplied to US flora see C. iowense; misapplied name
disjunct from Canadian prairies in the Driftless Area of MN and IA; endangered
Micranthes pensylvanica (L.) Haworth - eastern swamp saxifrage
Mitella diphylla L. - two leaf bishop's cap
Mitella nuda L. - bare stem bishop
Saxifraga cernua L. - bulblet saxifrage
disjunct from arctic Canada and Rocky Mountains, known only from Cook Co. (last collected 1980); rarely producing seed, reproduction primarily from bulblets; endangered
Saxifraga paniculata Miller - encrusted saxifrage
Lake Superior populations disjunct from eastern Canada; special concern
northern limit of distribution; threatened
Tiarella cordifolia L. - heartleaf foamflower
western limit of distribution; known only from Stearns Co. (one population, collected 1998)
Limosella aquatica L. - water mudwort
special concern
Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh - lanceleaf figwort
Scrophularia marilandica L. - Maryland figwort
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one population, collected 1997)
Verbascum blattaria L. - moth mullein
native to Eurasia; known only from Beltrami Co. (one roadside population, collected 1999)
Verbascum chaixii Villars - nettle-leaf mullain
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one lawn-weed population, collected 2002)
Verbascum nigrum L. - black mullein
native to Eurasia; known only from Minneapolis area (one population, collected 1933)
Verbascum phlomoides L. - orange mullein
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
Verbascum thapsus L. - common mullein
native to Europe; leaves and inflorescence possibly toxic
known only from Cook Co. (last collected 1998); endangered
Smilax ecirrhata S. Watson - erect carrion flower
Smilax herbacea L. - smooth carrionflower
Smilax illinoensis Mangaly - Illinois carrion flower
Smilax lasioneura Hooker - Blue Ridge carrionflower
Smilax pulverulenta Michaux - downy greenbrier
reported for Minnesota (far southeast corner) by FNA but no specimens at MIN (probably based on misidentified specimens)
Smilax rotundifolia L. - roundleaf greenbrier
see D. wrightii; misapplied name
native from tropical US to Central America; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1878, St. Louis Co.; contains hallucinogenic compounds, deadly poisonous to pets and livestock
native from southwestern US to Mexico; occasionally escaping, rarely persisting
Lycium barbarum L. - matrimony vine
native to Eurasia
native to Peru; known only from Winona Co. (last collected 1901)
Nicotiana rustica L. - Aztec tobacco
native to tropical America; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; annual unlikely to be persisting
(Petunia axillaris x integrifolia)
native to Argentina; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; doubtfully persisting annual
Physalis alkekengi L. - strawberry groundcherry
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by Morley 1969 as a rare garden escape but no specimens at MIN
Physalis heterophylla Nees - clammy groundcherry
report unverified
Physalis longifolia Nutt. - longleaf groundcherry
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known throughout the US and eastern Canada
report unverified
Physalis philadelphica - Mexican groundcherry
report unverified
Physalis pubescens L. - hairy ground cherry
Physalis virginiana Mill. - Virginia ground cherry
Solanum americanum Mill. - West Indian black nightshade
Solanum carolinense L. - Carolina horse nettle
Solanum dulcamara L. - bittersweet nightshade
Solanum nigrum L. - black nightshade
Solanum ptychanthum Dunal - West Indian black nightshade
Solanum rostratum Dunal - horned nightshade
native to central US; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1890, Hennepin Co.
Solanum triflorum Nuttall - three flowered nightshade
native to western US
Solanum tuberosum L. - cultivated potato
native to Andes Mountains of South America; occasionally escaping from cultivation, rarely persisting more than 1 or 2 years
Sparganium angustifolium Michaux - narrowleaf bur-reed
Sparganium emersum Rehmann - unbranched bur reed
status: not endemic; distribution: PNG; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: not reported; verified by: R. Camara Leret; reference: none; expert comment: none; basionym published: 1872
Sparganium erectum L. - giant bur reed
misapplied to North American flora, see S. eurycarpum
Sparganium natans L. - small bur-reed
Staphylea trifolia L. - American bladdernut
Tamarix gallica L. - Franch tamarisk
deadly poisonous to humans, pets, and livestock
northwest limit of distribution; endangered
Thelypteris palustris Schott - eastern marsh fern
Daphne mezereum L. - paradise plant
native to Eurasia; known to be invasive in the eastern US and Canada and poisonous to humans; known only from Lake Co. (only known specimen at DUL) though scheduled to be extirpated by state Dept. of Agriculture
Dirca palustris L. - eastern leatherwood
mildly toxic to mammals and may cause dermatitis
disjunct from arctic regions and Canadian Rocky Mountains; endangered
Triantha glutinosa (Michaux) Baker - sticky false asphodel
Typha angustifolia L. - narrowleaf cattail
status: not endemic; distribution: PNG & Indonesia; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: not reported; verified by: R. Camara Leret; reference: none; expert comment: none; basionym published: 1753
Typha latifolia L. - broadleaf cattail
Typha x glauca Godron - hybrid cattail
(T. angustifolia x latifolia) although reported from only 20 of the 87 counties, fide Lee Frelich, UM research associate, forest ecology (pers. comm.), this hybrid is much more widespread, often out-competing both parents
Ulmus americana L. - American elm
Oak Savanna, Úl-mus, ancient Latin name; a-me-ri-cà-na, American
native to Eurasia; erroneously reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS
Ulmus pumila L. - Siberian elm
native to eastern Asia
Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell - Canadian woodnettle
Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydberg - black fruited clearweed
Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray - dwarf clearweed
Urtica dioica L. - stinging nettle
Urtica dioica subsp. dioica - California nettle
misapplied; see Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis
can cause skin irritation
northwest limit of distribution; threatened
Valeriana officinalis L. - garden heliotrope
native to Eurasia
Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. - long bracted vervain
Verbena hastata L. - blue vervain
The flowers of Blue Vervain attract many kinds of long-tongued and short-tongued bees, including honey bees, bumblebees, cuckoo bees (Triepeolus spp.), digger bees (Melissodes spp.), Halictid bees, and dagger bees (Calliopsis spp.), including the oligolectic Verbena Bee (Calliopsis verbenae). These bees seek primarily nectar, although some species collect pollen. Other floral visitors include Sphecid wasps, Vespid wasps, Syrphid flies, bee flies (Exoprosopa spp.), thick-headed flies (Physocephala spp.), small butterflies, skippers, and moths (Robertson, 1929). Other insects feed on the leaves and other parts of Blue Vervain and other Verbena spp. Examples of such insects include both adults and larvae of a flea beetle (Longitarsus suspectus), larvae of the Vervain Leaf Midge (Clinodiplosis verbenae), the Verbena Aphid (Macrosiphum verbenae), leaf-eating larvae of the Verbena Moth (Crambodes talidiformis), and larvae of the Verbena Bud Moth (Endothenia hebesana)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/bl_vervain.htm
Verbena officinalis L. - herb of the cross
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (one garden plot population, collected 2005)
Verbena simplex Lehmann - narrowleaf vervain
special concern
Verbena stricta Ventenat - hoary vervain
Many kinds of insects are attracted to the flowers, including long-tongued bees, green metallic bees, thread-waisted wasps, bee flies, thick-headed flies, butterflies, and skippers. Among the long-tongued bees, the flowers attract such visitors as honeybees, bumblebees, little carpenter bees, cuckoo bees (Triepeolus spp.), miner bees (Melissodes spp.), and leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.). A specialist visitor of the flowers is Calliopsis verbenae (Verbena Bee). Several grasshoppers feed on the foliage of Hoary Vervain: Hippiscus ocelote (Wrinkled Grasshopper), Melanoplus confusus (Little Pasture Grasshopper), Melanoplus femurrubrum (Red-Legged Grasshopper), and Melanoplus keeleri luridus (Keeler's Grasshopper). Other insect feeders include caterpillars of the moth Catabena lineolata (Fine-Lined Sallow), caterpillars of Crambodes talidiformis (Verbena Moth), and the aphid Macrosiphum verbenae., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/hry_vervainx.htm
Verbena urticifolia L. - nettle leaf vervain
(V. bracteata x stricta) known only from New Ulm area (historical collection from 1891); rare historic record
(V. bracteata x urticifolia) known only from Minneapolis area (historical collections to 1877); rare historic record
(V. hastata x stricta) reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA, NE
Hybanthus concolor Sprengel - eastern greenviolet
range extension from IA and WI; known only from Winona Co. (one population, collected 1999); endangered
Viola adunca Smith - hookedspur violet
Viola adunca var. adunca - hookedspur violet
Viola affinis LeConte - sand violet
Viola arvensis Murray - European field pansy
native to Europe; known only from Cass Co. (last collected 1939), doubtfully persisting
Viola bicolor Pursh - field pansy
Viola blanda Willd. - big leaved white violet
Viola canadensis L. - Canadian white violet
Viola cucullata Aiton - marsh violet
Viola lanceolata L. - lance leaf violet
threatened
Viola macloskeyi F.E. Lloyd - small white violet
Viola missouriensis Greene - Missouri violet
Viola nephrophylla Greene - northern bog violet
Viola novae-angliae House - New England blue violet
Viola nuttallii Pursh - yellow prairie violet
eastern limit of distribution; threatened
Viola palustris L. - northern white violet
Viola pedata L. - birdfoot violet
Viola pedata var. pedata L. - beardless birdfoot violet
Viola pedatifida G. Don - prairie violet
Viola primulifolia L. - primrose-leaved violet
Viola pubescens Aiton - downy yellow violet
Viola pubescens var. pubescens - downy yellow violet
Viola renifolia A. Gray - kidney leaf violet
Viola sagittata Aiton - arrowleaf violet
Viola sagittata var. ovata - arrowleaf violet
Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie - great spurred violet
Viola sororia Willdenow - dooryard violet
Viola tricolor L. - small pansy
introduced from Europe
(V. pedatifida x sororia) reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
Viola x bissellii House - hybrid violet
(V. cucullata x sororia) known only from St. Louis Co.
Viola x conjugens Greene - hybrid violet
(V. sagittata x sororia)
Viola x mistura House - hybrid violet
(V. palmata x sagittata)
Viola x napae House - hybrid violet
(V. sororia x triloba) reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
Viola x sublanceolata House - lanceleaf violet
(Viola lanceolata x macloskeyi); reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, IA; report unverified
Arceuthobium pusillum Peck - eastern dwarf mistletoe
leaves and fruit toxic
native to China and Japan; known only from Pipestone Co. (one population, collected 1961)
Vitis aestivalis Michaux - silver leaf grape
see Vitis aestivalis var. bicolor; threatened
threatened
Xyris montana Ries - montane yellow-eyed grass
special concern
Xyris torta Smith - twisted yelloweyed grass
northwest limit of distribution; endangered
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