reported for Minnesota (Washington Co.) by MN-DNR but no specimens at MIN; known from NE, IA, WI, south- and eastward; special concern
root extract reportedly repels some insects
native to Europe; sterile polyploid species
[Sambucus canadensis var. acutiloba]
[Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus canadensis var. canadensis L., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder ex Sarg.]
[Sambucus racemosa var. pubens]
[Viburnum trilobum Marshall]
[Viburnum affine Bush, Viburnum affine var. hypomalacum S.F. Blake]
[Alisma geyeri Torrey, Alisma geyeri var. giganteum Lunell]
special concern
[Alisma plantago-aquatica var. parviflorum (Pursh) Torr.]
[Alisma plantago-aquatica var. americana Schult., Alisma subcordatum var. superbum Lunell]
[Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J.G. Sm., Sagittaria calycina var. calycina, Sagittaria montevidensis subsp. calycina (Engelmann) Bogin, Sagittaria montevidensis var. calycina]
[Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J.G. Sm., Sagittaria calycina Engelm., Sagittaria montevidensis subsp. calycina (Engelmann) Bogin, Sagittaria montevidensis var. calycina]
threatened
[Sagittaria graminea var. cristata (Engelm.) Bogin]
[Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. ex J.G. Sm., Sagittaria cuneata f. equiloba Fernald]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA
[Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Engelmann) Wiegand]
corms are edible
[Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J.G. Sm., Sagittaria calycina Engelm., Sagittaria calycina var. calycina, Sagittaria montevidensis var. calycina]
The nectar and pollen of the nodding flowers attract primarily bees, including honeybees, bumblebees, Anthophorine bees (Anthophora spp.), and Halictid bees (Lasioglossum spp.). Insects that feed destructively on the foliage, bulbs, and other parts of Nodding Onion and other onion species (Allium spp.) include the Onion Plant Bug (Lindbergocapsus allii) and a similar plant bug (Lindbergocapsus ainsliei), larvae of the False Japanese Beetle (Strigoderma arbicola), larvae of the Onion Maggot (Delia antiqua), larvae of the Black Onion fly (Tritoxa flava), larvae of the Onion Bulb Fly (Eumerus strigatus), and Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci); special concern, source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/nod_onionx.htm
hybrid ornamental rarely escaping; known only from St. Louis Co. (one roadside population, collected 2005)
vars. not recognized; endangered
[Allium reticulatum G. Don]
[Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G. Jones]
native to Eurasia; often confused with A. blitoides
considered native to the central US by FNA; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1886, Winona Co.
[Amaranthus roxburghianus H.W. Kung]
misapplied to North American flora, see A. albus or A. blitoides; misapplied name
[Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd., Amaranthus cruentus var. patulus (Bertol.) Lambinon, Amaranthus hybridus var. patulus (Bertol.) Fiori, Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. amentaceus Suess., Amaranthus incurvatus Gren. & Godr., Amaranthus patulus Bertol.]
native to eastern US; highly variable and often confused with A. powellii or A. retroflexus
native to southwestern US; adventive near cultivated fields but unlikely to be persisting
native to southern North America
native to southwestern US; often hybridizes with A. hybridus
native to subtropical America; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1880, Wabasha Co.; highly variable and poisonous to livestock
native to tropical America; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN
[Amaranthus rudis J.D. Sauer, Amaranthus tamariscinus Nutt.]
[Atriplex argentea subsp. argentea]
expected in Minnesota
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Manitoba, ND, SD on saline soils
[Atriplex micrantha Ledeb.]
western species reported for Minnesota by the Atlas of the Great Plains but no specimens at MIN
native to Asia; known only from Pipestone Co. (one urban population, collected 1925)
[Atriplex hastata subsp. patula (L.) S. Pons]
native to the Mediterranean region
[Atriplex patula var. hastata (L.) A. Gray]
native to Eurasia
native to Europe; known only from Roseau Co. (one riverside population, collected 1939) but doubtfully persisting
[Botrys alba (L.) Nieuwl., Chenopodium berlandieri var. berlandieri, Chenopodium ferulatum Lunell]
[Chenopodium bushianum Aellen]
[Botrys alba var. pauper Lunell]
native to western US; known only from Wabasha Co. (collected 1983)
eastern species erroneously reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS; probably misidentified C. standleyanum or C. pratericola; erroneous record
[Chenopodium salinum Standl.]
often confused with C. pratericola
[Chenopodium humile Hook.]
[Chenopodium succosum A. Nelson]
[Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen, Chenopodium hybridum L., Chenopodium hybridum var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau]
[Chenopodium album var. striatum Krašan]
known only from Mille Lacs Co. (collected 1892); native and introduced forms exist but are difficult to distinguish
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
[Corispermum simplicissimum Lunell]
misapplied to our flora, see C. americanum; misapplied name
misapplied to our flora, see C. villosum; misapplied name
[Corispermum hyssopifolium L.]
[Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Chenopodium ambrosioides var. ambrosioides, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) A. Gray, Chenopodium integrifolium Vorosch., Chenopodium spathulatum (Moq.) Sieber ex Moq.]
to be expected in the far southeast corner (known from IA, WI), on drying river beds and lake bottoms
[Chenopodium botrys L.]
native to Eurasia
[Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott]
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1932 in both Dakota and Hennepin counties
eastern limit of distribution; threatened
[Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau., Salsola kali subsp. tragus (L.) Čelak., Salsola tragus L.]
misapplied to our flora, see S. tragus
[Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau., Salsola kali L., Salsola kali subsp. tragus (L.) Čelak.]
native to Eurasia; state DOA listed weed, first collected 1890, Hennepin Co.
[Suaeda depressa (Pursh) S. Watson]
native to eastern and southern US
[Rhus x pulvinata Greene]
Oak Savanna, Rhùs, ancient Greek and Latin name; glà-bra, glabrous
[Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.]
Oak Savanna, Rhùs, ancient Greek and Latin name;ty-phì-na, like Typha, cattail, because of the velvety branches
[Rhus glabra var. borealis Britton, Rhus glabra x typhina, Rhus x pulvinata Greene]
(R. glabra x typhina)
[Rhus glabra L., Rhus glabra var. borealis Britton, Rhus glabra x typhina, Rhus x borealis Greene]
uncertain status; see Rhus glabra
[Rhus radicans L., Toxicodendron fothergilloides Lunell]
Oak Savanna
[Rhus radicans var. negundo Mulligan, Toxicodendron radicans subsp. negundo (Greene) Gillis]
state DOA noxious weed; can cause severe skin irritation
[Rhus radicans var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Rehder, Toxicodendron dessertorum Lunell]
state DOA noxious weed; can cause severe skin irritation
[Rhus vernix L.]
can cause severe skin irritation
native to Eurasia; known to be an aggressive invader in other regions
[Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.]
[Angelica atropurpurea var. occidentalis Fassett]
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from MO, IL, MI in dry woods
[Anthriscus keniensis H. Wolff, Chaerefolium sylvestre (L.) Schinz & Thell., Chaerophyllum sylvestre L.]
native to Europe
[Berula pusilla (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Fernald]
threatened
[Cicuta cinicola A. Nelson, Cicuta dakotica var. pseudomaculata Lunell, Cicuta dakotica var. pseudovirosa Lunell, Cicuta occidentalis Greene]
one of the deadliest poisonous plants in the US, to humans and animals
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IA in wet meadows and swamps
native to Eurasia; plants deadly poisonous to humans and animals (the poison of Socrates); first collected 1992
eastern limit of distribution; known only from Clay Co. (one roadside population, collected 1960)
[Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (A.Gray) Goodrich]
special concern
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1916, Ramsey Co.
The flowering heads attract many kinds of insects, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, skippers, moths, beetles, and plant bugs. These insects usually seek nectar, although some of the bees may collect pollen for their brood nests. The caterpillars of the rare Papaipema eryngii (Rattlesnake Master Borer Moth) bore into the stems and feed on the pith.; special concern, source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/rattlesnakex.htm
[Heracleum lanatum Michx., Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq.]
native to Mediterranean region; reported for Minnesota as a garden escape by UDSA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
[Osmorhiza chilensis Hooker & Arnott, Osmorhiza divaricata (Britton) Suksd., Osmorhiza nuda Torr.]
endangered
[Osmorhiza obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Fern.]
known only from Cook Co. (last collected 2003); special concern
native to Eurasia; can cause severe skin irritation
native to Eurasia; known only from Pine Co. (one field population, collected 1982)
known only from Fillmore Co. (last collected 1915); special concern
[Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe]
[Sanicula gregaria E.P. Bicknell]
[Sium cicutifolium Schrank]
native to southern Great Plains; known only from Fillmore Co. (one trailside population, collected 1994) but doubtfully persisting
[Thaspium chapmanii (J.M. Coulter & Rose) Small]
special concern
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, IL
native to Eurasia and northern Africa; known only from Ramsey Co. (one park population, collected 2009)
[Zizia cordata W.D.J. Koch ex DC.]
The flowers are attractive to many kinds of insects seeking pollen or nectar, especially short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, and beetles. Among the short-tongued bees are such visitors as Green Metallic bees, Masked bees, and Andrenid bees (including the oligolege, Andrena ziziae). Wasp visitors include Eumenine wasps, spider wasps, Ichneumonid wasps, and Crabronine wasps. Such long-tongued bees as bumblebees, cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.) also visit the flowers, as do some small butterflies and true bugs. Caterpillars of the butterflies Papilio polyxenes asterius (Black Swallowtail) and Papilio joanae (Ozark Swallowtail) feed on the leaves and flowers, while caterpillars of Papaipema rigida (Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth) bore through the stems. Two aphids, Aphis saniculae and Aphis thaspii, suck plant juices from Golden Alexanders and similar species in the Carrot family., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/gld_alexanderx.htm
[Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Aiton) A. Gray, Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woodson, Apocynum pubescens Mitchell ex R. Br., Apocynum sibiricum Jacquin, Apocynum sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fernald]
plants poisonous
[Apocynum cannabinum L., Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Aiton) A. Gray, Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woodson, Apocynum pubescens Mitchell ex R. Br., Apocynum sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fernald]
included in A. cannabinum by some
(A. androsaemifolium x cannabinum)
[Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh]
The flowers of Tall Green Milkweed are cross-pollinated primarily by long-tongued bees and wasps. Bee visitors include honeybees, bumblebees, and leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.). To a lesser extent, the flowers also attract small butterflies and day-flying moths (e.g., Cisseps fulvicollis). These insects obtain nectar from the flowers. Milkweeds attract a special group of insects that are oligophagous on various parts of these plants. These insect feeders include caterpillars of the butterfly Danaus plexippus (Monarch) and caterpillars of the moths Cycnia inopinatus (Unexpected Cycnia), Cycnia tenera (Delicate Cycnia), and Euchaetes egle (Milkweed Tiger Moth). The larvae of some long-horned beetles bore through the stems and roots of milkweeds, specifically: Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Red Milkweed Beetle), Tetraopes femoratus (Large Red Milkweed Beetle), and Tetraopes quinquemaculatus. When the follicles of milkweeds are present, the seeds are eaten by Lygaeus kalmii (Small Milkweed Bug) and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Large Milkweed Bug). Occasionally, aphids are found on the upper stems and leaf undersides; these species include Aphis asclepiadis, Myzocallis asclepiadis, Myzocallis punctatus, and Aphis nerii (Introduced Milkweed Aphid).;threatened, source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/tg_milkweed.htm
Swamp milkweed attracts a variety of butterflies, especially the monarch butterfly. Besides feeding on the nectar, the monarch butterfly only lays it eggs on milkweeds. In addition to monarch butterflies, insects that are specialized to feed on milkweed include seed bugs (Lygaeus kalmii, Oncopeltus spp.), longhorn beetles (Tetraopes spp.) that feed on foliage and roots, stem weevils (Rhyssomatus lineaticollis), and the oleander aphid (Aphis nerii)., source: https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_incarnata.shtml, source: https://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Milkweeds-of-Central-US_plus-vendors_XercesSociety.pdf
[Asclepias incarnata var. incarnata]
[Acerates lanuginosa Nutt.]
known only from Wabasha Co. (historical collection from 1883); rare historic record; specimen redetermined as Asclepias syriaca (Mark Fishbein, May 2023)
reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; known from IA, IL in dry woods
northern limit of distribution; threatened
state DOA noxious (CN) weed
This milkweed attracts bumblebees, monarchs, eastern tiger swallowtails, fritillaries, hairstreaks, honeybees, painted ladies, pipevine swallowtails, and more., source: https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/milkweed-plant-seed-resources/asclepias-tuberosa-butterfly-weed/
[Asclepias tuberosa var. interior (Woodson) Shinners]
[Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton, Acerates viridiflora var. lanceolata A.Gray, Acerates viridiflora var. linearis A. Gray]
[Cynanchum nigrum Cav., Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench]
native to southern Europe; occasionally escaping from cultivation and persisting but no specimens at MIN
[Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi, Cynanchum nigrum Cav.]
native to Europe; known only from Ramsey Co. (last collected 1997)
[Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) L. Loesener]
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals; special concern
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals; subspp. not formally recognized by FNA since numerous intermediate forms exist with much overlap in character expression
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals
[Hydrophace minor (L.) Bubani, Lemna rwandensis De Sloover, Lenticula palustris Garsault, Lenticula vulgaris L., Lenticularia monorhiza Montandon]
most of our specimens were misidentified and instead are L. turionifera
northern limit of distribution known only from Washington Co. (one population, collected 1988); DNR watch list
[Hydrophace trisulca (L.) Bubani, Lenticula ramosa Lam., Lenticula trisulca (L.) Scop., Staurogeton trisculus (L.) Schur]
status: not endemic; distribution: PNG & Indonesia; growth habit: herbaceous; life form: aquatic; verified by: A. Hay; reference: none; expert comment: none; basionym published: 1753
disjunct from central Great Lakes region; known only from Cook Co. (one population, collected 1995)
may cause skin irritation, contains calcium-oxalate crystals; roots toxic
[Wolffia braziliensis var. borealis Engelmann]
[Wolffia papulifera C. H. Thompson, Wolffia punctata Griseb.]
misapplied; see Wolffia borealis
[Wolffia brasiliensis Weddell, Wolffia papulifera C. H. Thompson]
misapplied to our flora, see W. borealis
Upland-Conifer Forest, Ginseng Family
[Hydrocotyle adoensis Hochst., Hydrocotyle natans Cirillo]
possibly introduced, disjunct from eastern OH and TN; known only from Scott Co. (Shakopee-Mdewakanton tribal lands, collected 2007)
reported for Minnesota by Gleason & Cronquist 1991 but no specimens at MIN; known from MI, IL
[Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne. & Planch.]
special concern
[Asarum canadense var. acuminatum Ashe, Asarum canadense var. canadense, Asarum reflexum E.P. Bicknell]
native to Eurasia and north Africa, but evidence suggests that American Indians traded this in pre-European times
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
native to Eurasia and north Africa; rarely escaping cultivation
native to Russia; rarely escaping cultivation
[Acrostichum platyneuron L.]
special concern
[Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link]
[Achillea multiflora Hook., Achillea sibirica Ledeb.]
southern limit of distribution; known only from Roseau Co. (last collected 1983); threatened
[Achillea fusca Rydberg, Achillea lanulosa Nuttall, Achillea lanulosa var. arachnoides Lunell, Achillea millefolium f. millefolium, Achillea millefolium subsp. atrotegula B. Boivin, Achillea millefolium var. parvula B. Boivin]
both native and introduced forms exist but are not distinguishable except on a molecular level; although much morphological variability occurs subsp. and vars. not recognized, the differences are not considered taxonomically important
native to Europe; apparantly introduced with wildlife planting
[Centaurea repens L.]
native to Asia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, known only from Lac Qui Parle Co. (one crop field population, collected 1981)
[Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.]
[Eupatorium rugosum var. chlorolepis Fernald]
roots and leaves toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to livestock
[Agoseris vicinalis Greene]
[Agoseris glauca var. laciniata (D.C. Eaton) Smiley, Troximon parviflorum Nutt.]
erroneous report
[Agoseris glauca var. agrestis (Osterh.) Q. Jones ex Cronquist]
erroneous report
[Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville]
native to western US, known only from Hennepin Co. (historical collections to 1896)
[Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Descourt., Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank., Ambrosia elatior L.]
state DOA noxious (CN) weed; pollen causes allergies
known only from Ramsey Co. (one gravel pit population, collected 1914)
[Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray, Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydb.) S.F. Blake]
to be expected on disturbed wet clays or sands (known from ND, SD, IA, WI)
state DOA noxious (CN) weed; pollen causes allergies
[Anaphalis margaritacea var. angustior (Miq.) Nakai, Anaphalis margaritacea var. intercedens H. Hara, Anaphalis margaritacea var. revoluta Suksdorf, Anaphalis margaritacea var. subalpina A. Gray]
[Antennaria petaloidea Fernald]
[Antennaria canadensis Greene]
[Antennaria neglecta var. canadensis (Greene) Cronquist]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, WI, SD and westward
[Antennaria neglecta var. attenuata (Fernald) Cronquist, Antennaria neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) Cronquist, Antennaria neodioica Greene, Antennaria neodioica var. attenuata Fernald]
[Antennaria neglecta subsp. petaloidea (Fernald) Greene, Antennaria petaloidea Fernald, Antennaria petaloidea var. scariosa Fernald]
[Antennaria solstitialis Lunell]
[Antennaria angustiarum Lunell, Antennaria campestris Rydb., Antennaria chelonica Lunell, Antennaria lunellii Greene]
[Antennaria fallax Greene, Antennaria munda Fernald, Antennaria plantaginifolia var. ambigens (Greene) Cronquist]
known only from Chisago Co. (red-cedar glades; collected 1990)
[Antennaria aprica Greene, Antennaria aureola Lunell, Antennaria aureola var. roseata Lunell, Antennaria rhodantha Suksdorf]
special concern
[Antennaria arida E.E. Nelson]
erroneous report
[Antennaria formosa Greene, Antennaria speciosa E. Nelson]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, Manitoba, ND
native to Eurasia; pollen may cause allergies
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1877, Hennepin Co.
native to Eurasia; known only from Kittson Co. (last collected 1958)
[Arnica chionopappa Fernald]
southern limit of distribution; vars. Not recognized; threatened
[Cacalia atriplicifolia L.]
erroneous report
[Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners, Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.]
northern limit of distribution; threatened
[Arnoglossum muehlenbergii (Sch.-Bip.) H.E. Robins., Cacalia muehlenbergii (Sch. Bip.) Fernald, Cacalia reniformis (Willd.) Raspail]
threatened
native to Eurasia and north Africa
[Artemisia rehan Chiov.]
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1892, Otter Tail Co.; pollen may cause allergies
native to northwestern US
[Artemisia caudata Michaux]
misapplied to the regional flora, see subsp. caudata; misapplied name
[Artemisia caudata var. calvens Lunell]
[Artemisia dracunculina S. Watson, Artemisia glauca Pallas, Artemisia graveolens Rydberg]
[Artemisia natronensis A. Nelson]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Manitoba, ND, SD on alkaline soils
[Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt., Artemisia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, Artemisia ludoviciana var. pabularis (A. Nelson) Fernald]
pollen may cause allergies
native to Eurasia; known only from Isanti Co. (one old homestead population, collected 1963)
native to eastern Asia; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; last collected 2009)
native to Eurasia and Pacific Islands, occasional escape from gardens
[Coreopsis aristosa Michx.]
report unverified
[Megalodonta beckii (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene]
[Bidens cernua var. dentata (Nutt.) B. Boivin, Bidens cernua var. minima (Huds.) Pursh, Bidens cernua var. oligodonta Fernald & H. St. John]
[Bidens connata f. lakelae Sherff, Bidens connata var. ambiversa Fassett, Bidens connata var. gracilipes Fernald]
[Bidens coronata Britton]
[Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand]
[Bidens vulgata var. puberula (Wiegand) Greene, Bidens vulgata var. schizantha Lunell]
[Kuhnia eupatorioides L., Kuhnia gooddingii A. Nelson, Kuhnia jacobaea Lunell]
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1949, Becker & Rock counties
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1939, Goodhue Co.
native to Mediterranean region
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (one roadside population, collected 1953)
native to montane Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; one population, collected 1952), doubtfully persisting
native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2006)
native to southern Europe; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from all surrounding states and provinces
[Centaurea biebersteinii DC., Centaurea maculosa Lam.]
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1918, Dakota Co.
[Centaurea debeauxii subsp. thuillieri Dostál]
(C. jacea x nigra x nigrescens); native to Europe; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2006)
[Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners]
[Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners]
misapplied name; see Heterotheca stenophylla
[Cirsium altissimum var. biltmoreanum Petrak]
[Cirsium arvense var. mite Wimm. & Grab.]
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1878, Hennepin Co.; vars. not recognized
[Cirsium nebraskense (Britton) Lunell, Cirsium nebraskense var. discissum Lunell, Cirsium nebraskense var. formidolosum Lunell]
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota (Houston Co.) by U.S. Forest Service but no specimens at MIN
[Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fernald]
special concern
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; easily confused with C. flodmanii
[Cirsium abyssinicum Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich., Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd., Cnicus lanceolatus var. abyssinicus (Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.) Vatke]
native to Eurasia; state DOA noxious weed, first collected 1883, Wabasha Co.
(C. altissimum x discolor); progeny of this hybrid have low fertility but occur in stable populations; FNA recognizes this taxon but recommends further genetic study before a proper classification can be made
[Erigeron canadensis L.]
vars. not recognized
[Erigeron divaricatus Michx.]
The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract many kinds of insects, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, skippers, day-flying moths, and beetles. A long-tongued bee, (Melissodes coreopsis) is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Coreopsis spp. Some insects feed destructively on the plant juices, flowerheads, and other parts of Sand Coreopsis and other Coreopsis spp. These species include the Ragweed Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha bidenticola) and Coreopsis Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha californica coreopsivora), the Red-spotted Aster Mirid (Polymerus basalis), an aphid (Uroleucon reynoldense), and the larvae of such moths as the Dimorphic Gray (Tornos scolopacinarius), Wavy-lined Emerald (Synchlora aerata), and Common Tan Wave (Pleuroprucha insulsaria); see Clark et al. (2004), Knight (1941), Blackman & Eastop (2013), Covell (1984/2005), and Wagner (2005) for more information. The larvae of the latter two moths feed on the flowerheads., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/sand_coreopsisx.htm
The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract many kinds of insects because of their abundance and accessibility. These insects include digger bees (Melissodes spp.), cuckoo bees (Epeolus spp., Nomada spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (including green metallic bees), dagger bees (Calliopsis spp., Heterosarus spp.), Sphecid wasps and other wasps, Syrphid flies (Eristalis spp. and others), bee flies (Exoprosopa spp. and others), thick-headed flies (Conopidae), Tachinid flies, bottle flies (Lucilia spp.), Muscid flies, butterflies, skippers, moths, and beetles (Robertson, 1929). A digger bee, Melissodes coreopsis, is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Coreopsis spp. Some insects feed destructively on the plant juices, flowerheads, and other parts of Prairie Coreopsis and other Coreopsis spp. These species include the Red-spotted Aster Mirid (Polymerus basalis), an aphid (Uroleucon reynoldense), the Ragweed Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha bidenticola) and Coreopsis Leaf Beetle (Calligrapha californica coreopsivora), and larvae of such moths as the Dimorphic Gray (Tornos scolopacinarius), Wavy-lined Emerald (Synchlora aerata), and Common Tan Wave (Pleuroprucha insulsaria). The larvae of the latter two moths feed on the flowerheads., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_coreopsisx.htm
native to southern US; vars. not recognized. Escaped from cultivation in Minnesota, source: minnesotawildflowers.info
[Bidens formosa (Bonato) Sch. Bip., Cosmos formosa Bonato]
native to Mexico and southwestern U.S.; reported as naturalized for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN
[Bidens artemisiifolia (Jacq.) Kuntze, Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch. Bip., Coreopsis artemisiifolia Jacq.]
native to Mexico; known only from Olmsted Co. (collected 1994), apparently introduced as part of prairie planting but doubtfully persisting
[Anthemis tinctoria L.]
native to Eurasia
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, but not known from Minnesota
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1934, Becker Co.
[Iva xanthifolia Nutt.]
state DOA noxious (CN) weed
[Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) A. Gray, Machaeranthera pulverulenta A. Nelson, Machaeranthera ramosa A. Nelson]
[Aster pubentior Cronquist, Aster umbellatus var. pubens A. Gray]
[Echinacea pallida var. angustifolia (DC.) Cronquist]
[Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton]
Long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers are the most important visitors to the flowers. Long-tongued bees, such as bumblebees, Nomadine cuckoo bees, large carpenter bees, and leaf-cutting bees. Short-tongued green metallic bees and other Halictine bees also visit the flowers occasionally. The caterpillars of the butterfly Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot) feed on the foliage, while caterpillars of the moths Synchlora aerata (Wavy-Lined Emerald) and Eupithecia miserulata (Common Eupithecia) feed on the flowerheads., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pale_coneflowerx.htm
Not native in Minnesota. Likely recent escape., source: minnesotawildflowers.info
native to Siberia; known only from St. Louis Co. (one population from former agricultural test plots, collected 2004)
native to Eurasia; reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
[Anthemis abyssinica J. Gay ex A. Rich., Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Eclipta erecta L., Eclipta erecta var. diffusa DC., Verbesina alba L., Verbesina prostrata L.]
known only from Washington Co. (one riverside population, collected 1976), probably introduced from further east
[Erigeron abruptorum Lunell, Erigeron asper Nuttall]
[Erigeron anodontus Lunell, Erigeron asper var. subinteger Lunell, Erigeron oligodontus Lunell, Erigeron oligodontus var. acuminatus Lunell, Erigeron oxyodontus Lunell, Erigeron procerus Lunell]
[Erigeron racemosus Nutt., Trimorpha lonchophylla (Hook.) G.L. Nesom]
threatened
[Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl. ex Willd.]
endemic to Minnesota; DNR watch list
[Stenactis strigosa (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.]
[Erigeron obscurus Lunell, Erigeron strigosus var. beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Torr. & A. Gray, Erigeron strigosus var. eligulatus Cronquist]
The nectar or pollen of the flowers attracts many kinds of insects, including bees, flies, wasps, butterflies, and beetles. In particular, many kinds of unusual flies and wasps are attracted to the flowers because of the accessibility of the nectar. The caterpillars of various moth species are known to feed on various parts of Common Boneset, including Haploa clymene (Clymene Moth), Phragmatobia lineata (Lined Ruby Tiger Moth), Papaipema cataphracta (Burdock Borer Moth), Schinia trifascia (Three-Lined Flower Moth), Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria (Blackberry Looper Moth), and Semiothisa continuata (Geometrid Moth sp.)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cm_boneset.htm
[Eupatorium serotinum var. polyneuron Hermann]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IA, NE
northwest limit of distribution; threatened
[Euthamia camporum Greene, Euthamia camporum var. tricostata Lunell, Euthamia graminifolia var. graminifolia, Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb., Solidago graminifolia var. major (Michx.) Fernald, Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii (Greene) Fernald, Solidago hirtella (Greene) Bush]
vars. not recognized
[Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Eupatorium maculatum L., Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum (L.) Darl.]
The nectar of the flowers attracts honey bees, bumblebees, long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), bee flies, butterflies, skippers, and moths. Some bees may also collect pollen. The following leaf beetles have been observed to feed on Spotted Joe-Pye Weed: Exema dispar, Ophraella notata, and Sumitrosis inaequalis (Clark et al., 2004). An uncommon aphid, Aphis vernoniae, sucks the plant juices. The caterpillars of some moth species feed on various parts of Eutrochium spp. (Joe-Pye Weed species). They include Schinia trifascia (Three-Lined Flower Moth; feeds on florets), Carmenta bassiformis (Eupatorium Borer Moth; bores through roots), Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Ruby Tiger Moth; feeds on foliage), and Eupithecia miserulata (Common Pug; feeds on florets)., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sp_joepye.htm
known only from Cook Co. (last collected 1945); rare historic record
[Eupatorium purpureum L.]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IA, NE
[Gaillardia aristata var. foliacea Lunell]
special concern
native from southwestern US to South America
[Adventina ciliata Raf., Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake, Galinsoga parviflora var. hispida DC., Galinsoga urticifolia (Kunth) Benth., Wiborgia urticifolia Kunth]
native from Central America to South America
[Grindelia brownii Heller, Grindelia paysonorum St.John, Grindelia perennis A. Nelson, Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis Lunell]
[Grindelia aphanactis Rydberg]
state DOA noxious (CN) weed; vars. not recognized
[Gutierrezia fulva Lunell, Gutierrezia greenei Lunell, Gutierrezia juncea Greene, Gutierrezia longifolia Greene, Xanthocephalum sarothrae (Pursh) Shinners]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Manitoba, ND, SD on rocky soils
[Cacalia suaveolens L.]
northwest limit of distribution; endangered
[Helenium autumnale var. canaliculatum (Lamarck) Torrey & A. Gray]
poisonous to cattle; vars. not recognized
[Helenium floridanum Fernald, Helenium nudiflorum Nutt.]
native to eastern US; known only from Carlton Co. (one swampy roadside population, collected 1944)
state DOA noxious (CN) weed, named cultivars exempt
[Helianthus borealis E. Watson, Helianthus giganteus f. verticillatus Lakela, Helianthus giganteus var. subtuberosus Britton, Helianthus membranaceus E. Watson, Helianthus subtuberosus (Britton) Britton]
[Helianthus grosseserratus f. pleniflora Wadmond, Helianthus maximiliani var. iubaris Lunell]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from IA, IL
[Helianthus apricus Lunell, Helianthus apricus var. camporum Lunell]
special concern
Pollinators insects and long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, miscellaneous flies, and occasional butterflies. The following bees are oligoleges (specialist pollinators) of sunflowers (Helianthus spp.): Dufourea marginata, Andrena accepta, Andrena helianthi, Andrena aliciae, Melissodes agilis, and Pseudopanurgus rugosus. Other insects feed on the foliage, bore through the stems, feed on the florets and seeds, or suck plant juices from sunflowers. These species include: the leafhoppers Mesamia straminea and Mesamia nigridorsum; the aphids Uroleucon illini and Uroleucon rudbeckiae; the plant bugs Ilnacora stalii and Plagiognathus nigronitens; Haplorhynchities aeneus (Sunflower Head-Clipping Weevil) and Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Sunflower Stem Weevil); the leaf beetles Physonota helianthi and Trirhabda adela; Contarinia schulzi (Sunflower Midge) and Neotephritis finalis (Sunflower Seed Maggot); Melanoplus packardii (Packard's Grasshopper) and Sparagemon collare (Mottled Sand Grasshopper); and the flower thrips Heterothrips auranticornis. In addition to these insects, the caterpillars of such butterflies as Chlosyne gorgone (Gorgone Checkerspot), Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot), and Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady) feed on sunflowers, as do the caterpillars of many moths., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ws_sunflower.html
[Helianthus laetiflorus Pers.]
[Helianthus laetiflorus var. rigidus (Cass.) Fernald, Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf.]
[Helianthus laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fernald]
[Helianthus tuberosus var. subcanescens A. Gray]
state DOA noxious (CN) weed
[Helianthus scaberrimus Elliott]
(H. pauciflorus x tuberosus)
The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract a wide variety of insects, including honeybees, bumblebees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), digger bees (Melissodes spp.), cuckoo bees (Coelioxys spp., Triepeolus spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (Agapostemon spp., Lasioglossum spp.), Andrenid bees (Andrena spp., Heterosarus spp.), thread-waisted wasps (Ammophila spp.) and other wasps, Syrphid flies (Eristalis spp., Toxomerus spp.), bee flies (Exoprosopa spp.), the Goldenrod Soldier Beetle (Chauliognathus pennsylanicus) and other beetles, Painted Lady butterflies (Vanessa spp.) and other butterflies, and skippers (Robertson, 1929). These floral visitors cross-pollinate the flowerheads. Other insects feed on the leaves, stems, seeds, and other parts of False Sunflower. These species include a leaf beetle (Physonota helianthi), leaf-mining larvae of a Tischeriid moth (Astrotischeria heliopsisella), stem-boring larvae of the Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth (Papaipema rigida), floret- and seed-eating larvae of a fly (Melanagromyza virens), and a seed bug (Lygaeus turcicus)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fs_sunflowerx.htm
[Heliopsis helianthoides var. occidentalis (T.R. Fischer) Steyerm., Heliopsis scabra Dunal]
[Chrysopsis villosa var. angustifolia (Rydb.) Cronquist]
[Heterotheca villosa var. angustifolia]
known only from Pipestone Co. (collected 1963)
[Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. ex DC.]
[Chrysopsis ballardii Rydb.]
[Chrysopsis foliosa Nutt.]
known only from Traverse Co. (collected 1938)
[Chrysopsis asprella Greene, Chrysopsis compacta Greene, Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) DC., Chrysopsis villosa var. hispida (Hook.) A. Gray ex D.C. Eaton]
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1947, St. Louis Co.
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from MI, IN, IL, MO
[Hieracium florentinum All.]
native to Europe
[Hieracium canadense Michx., Hieracium kalmii L., Hieracium minneapolitanum Gandoger, Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein.]
[Hieracium lachenalii C.C. Gmel.]
native to Europe; correct name for this taxon is in some doubt fide FNA
(H. scabrum x umbellatum); reported for Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN; FNA makes no mention of this hybrid
(H. caespitosum x lactucella); native to Europe
native to Europe; known only from Dakota Co. (nursery holding area, collected 2004)
to be expected on moist disturbed sites; known from ND, SD, IA, WI
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, Manitoba, ND, SD on wet saline soils
[Hieracium cynthioides Greene]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, IL, IA
[Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung, Mulgedium pulchellum (Pursh) G. Don]
[Lactuca scariola L.]
native to Europe; toxic to livestock
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (one turf-planting population, collected 1995); vars. not recognized
[Leucanthemum lacustre (Brot.) Samp.]
native to eastern Europe
[Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev]
misapplied to US flora (except CA), see L. serotina
[Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte]
native to Europe; state DOA noxious (CN) weed, first collected 1878, Hennepin Co.
[Lacinaria scariosa var. brachiata Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. chandonnetii Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. intermedia Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. nictitans Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. obesa Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. petiolata Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. porrecta Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. praecellens Lunrll, Lacinaria scariosa var. praesignis Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. propinqua Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. strictissima Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. superscandens Lunell]
[Liatris cylindracea var. solitaria MacMillan]
[Lacinaria aspera Greene, Lacinaria aspera var. inconcinna Lunell, Lacinaria ligulistylis A. Nelson, Lacinaria perusta Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. angustata Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. annuens, Lacinaria scariosa var. basilaris Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. composita Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. crista galli Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. exuberans Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. immanis Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. inconcinna Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. insolens Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. multiplex Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. opima Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. praeceps Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. praestens Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. scalaris Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. singularis Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. subcorymbosa Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. supereminens Lunell, Lacinaria scariosa var. uniflora Lunell, Liatris ligulistylis f. leucantha Shinners, Liatris rosendahlii Rydb.]
The flowerheads are cross-pollinated by bumblebees, long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), butterflies, and skippers. These insects suck nectar, although some of the bees also collect pollen for their larvae. Two uncommon prairie insects feed on Liatris spp. (blazingstars): caterpillars of Schinia sanguinea (Liatris Flower Moth) feed on the florets and developing seeds, while caterpillars of Carmenta anthracipennis (Liatris Borer Moth) bore through the stems., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/msh_blazingstar.htm
[Lacinaria punctata Kuntze, Lacinaria punctata var. turgida Lunell, Lacinaria rosendahlii Bush, Liatris punctata f. texana Cory]
[Lacinaria arenicola Bush, Lacinaria densispicata Bush, Liatris densispicata (Bush) Gaiser]
The flowers are pollinated primarily by long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers. Other visitors include Halictine bees, bee flies, and day-flying moths. Among the long-tongued bees, are such visitors as honeybees, bumblebees, Little Carpenter bees, Miner bees, and large Leaf-Cutting bees. Butterfly visitors include Monarchs, Swallowtails, Painted Ladies, Sulfurs, Whites, and others. The caterpillars of the rare Schinia gloriosa (Glorious Flower Moth) feed on the flowers and seed capsules., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_blazingstarx.htm
(L. aspera x pycnostachya); reported as endemic to Minnesota by USDA-NRCS but no specimens at MIN
(L. aspera x ligulistylis); known only from Marshall Co. (collected 1900)
[Filago arvensis L.]
native to Eurasia and northwest Africa; known only from St. Louis Co. (last collected 2006)
[Lygodesmia juncea var. racemosa Lunell]
[Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert`, Matricaria recutita L.]
native to Eurasia; pollen causes allergies
[Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb., Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter]
native to northwestern US
[Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bipontinus, Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz]
misapplied; see Tripleurospermum inodorum
[Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb., Matricaria discoidea de Candolle]
misapplied; see M. discoidea
[Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC., Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung]
native to Europe; reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN
[Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Steud., Microseris cuspidata (Pursh) Sch. Bip.]
native to Eurasia; known only from Pipestone Co. (one population, collected 1954), doubtfully persisting
[Senecio aureus L., Senecio aureus var. gracilis (Pursh) Hooker]
leaves and roots possibly toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to horses and cattle
[Senecio canus Hook., Senecio howellii Greene, Senecio howellii var. lithophilus Greenman, Senecio purshianus Nuttall, Senecio purshianus var. viridescens Lunell]
southeast limit of distribution; known only from Polk Co. (last collected 1993); endangered
[Senecio indecorus Greene]
endangered
disjunct from western North America and northern Canada; only known specimens at DUL
[Packera paupercula var. pseudotomentosa (Mack. & Bush) R.R. Kowal, Packera paupercula var. savannarum R.R. Kowal, Senecio pauperculus Michx., Senecio pauperculus var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Greenm., Senecio pauperculus var. pauperculus]
[Senecio plattensis Nutt.]
leaves and roots possibly toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to horses and cattle
[Senecio pseudaureus Rydb., Senecio pseudaureus var. semicordatus (Mack. & Bush) Barkley]
[Parthenium hispidum Raf., Parthenium radfordii Mears]
northwest limit of distribution; endangered
[Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray]
[Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) A. Gray]
[Petasites x vitifolius Greene]
[Polymnia canadensis var. radiata A. Gray]
[Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.]
known only from Houston Co. (collected 1900); rare historic record
[Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC.]
vars./subsp. not recognized
[Gnaphalium macounii Greene, Pseudognaphalium viscosum (Kunth) W.A. Weber]
[Pseudognaphalium helleri (Britton) Andrb.]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from WI, MI
[Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.]
[Gnaphalium macounii Greene, Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz]
misapplied to the regional flora, see P. macounii
[Rudbeckia flava T.V. Moore]
The composite flowers appeal to a wide range of insects, particularly bees and flies, as well as some wasps, butterflies, and beetles. The bees collect pollen or suck nectar, and include Little Carpenter bees, Leaf-Cutting bees, Green Metallic and other Halictine bees, Andrenid bees, and others. Some Andrenid bees, such as Andrena rudbeckiae and Heterosarus rudbeckiae, prefer visiting the flowers of Black-Eyed Susan and closely related plants. Among the flies that visit the flowers, Syrphid flies, Bee flies, and Tachinid flies are well represented. The caterpillars of Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot) feed on the leaves., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/be_susanx.htm
[Rudbeckia flava var. perbracteata Lunell, Rudbeckia serotina Nutt., Rudbeckia serotina var. serotina]
possibly introduced or possibly a range extension from southern IA and WI; known only from Mower Co. (one railroad population, collected 2001); DNR watch list
to be expected in far northeast corner (known from adjacent Ontario), on grassy, rocky outcroppings and cliffs
leaves and roots possibly toxic
native to Eurasia; known only from St. Louis Co. (Duluth area; last collected 2006)
native to Eurasia; leaves and roots possibly toxic to humans, deadly poisonous to horses and cattle
[Lygodesmia rostrata (A. Gray) A. Gray]
eastern limit of distribution; threatened
possibly to be expected along southern border (known from SD, IA, WI), in road/railside prairies
Cup Plant is a magnet for red aphids, which can be found in masses on the undersides of leaves, and subsequently become lodging for parasitic wasps and food for predatory insects as well as baby hummingbirds. Long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers are common visitors and the most important pollinators of the flowers. Some short-tongued bees, wasps, bee flies, and other kinds of flies also visit the flowers for pollen or nectar. The larvae of an Antistrophus sp. (Gall Wasp sp.) feed within the stems of this plant, and may attract the hyperparasitic wasp Eurytoma lutea., source: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/cup-plant, source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cupplantx.htm
Not native in Minnesota., source: minnesotawildflowers.info
[Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa (Piper) M.E. Jones, Solidago perornata Lunell]
[Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens Rydb., Solidago gilvocanescens (Rydberg) Smyth, Solidago satanica Lunell]
[Solidago canadensis var. scabra Torr. & A. Gray]
[Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa (Piper) M.E. Jones]
[Solidago altissima L., Solidago canadensis L., Solidago perornata Lunell]
misapplied to our flora, see S. canadensis or possibly S. altissima
[Solidago dumentorum Lunell, Solidago gigantea var. leiophylla Fernald, Solidago serotina Aiton, non Retz.]
[Solidago hispida var. arnoglossa Fernald]
vars. not recognized
[Solidago speciosa var. jejunifolia (E.S. Steele) Cronquist]
[Solidago glaberrima M. Martens, Solidago inornata Lunell, Solidago missouriensis var. fasciculata Holz.]
vars. not recognized
[Solidago nemoralis var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm., Solidago pulcherrima A. Nelson]
[Aster ptarmicoides Torr. & A. Gray, Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom]
[Oligoneuron riddellii (Frank) Rydb.]
[Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum (L.) Small]
[Oligoneuron bombycinum Lunell, Oligoneurum bombycinum Lunell]
[Solidago chandonnetii E.S. Steele, Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula Torrey & A. Gray, Solidago venulosa Greene]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from Ontario, Manitoba, ND, SD in rocky seepages
The flowers attract honeybees, bumblebees, ants, beetles, and the occasional moth or butterfly. Among the beetles, are such visitors as Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (Goldenrod Soldier Beetle) and Epicauta pensylvanica (Black Blister Beetle). These insects seek nectar primarily. The caterpillars of many moths feed on various parts of this goldenrod and others. Other insect feeders include various leafhoppers, lace bugs, plant bugs, and beetles., source: https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/shw_goldenrodx.htm
[Solidago humilis Banks, Solidago humilis var. abbei B. Boivin]
[Oligoneuron x bernardii (B. Boivin) G.L. Nesom]
(S. ptarmicoides x riddellii)
[Sonchus arvensis var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm., Sonchus uliginosus M. Bieb.]
native to Mediterranean region
[Aster borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov., Aster junciformis Rydb.]
[Aster brachyactis S.F. Blake, Aster ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb.]
native to western US, Canada, and Siberia
[Aster ciliolatus Lindl., Aster ciliolatus f. comatus (Fernald) Fernald, Aster lindleyanus Torr. & A. Gray, Aster saundersii Burgess]
[Aster choralis Steele, Aster cordifolius L., Aster sagittifolius Wedem. Ex Willd.]
[Aster drummondii Lindl.]
[Symphyotrichum ericoides var. straticaule (Torr. & A. Gray) G.L. Nesom]
known only from Wilkin Co. (one prairie population, collected 1981)
[Aster commutatus (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray, Aster crassulus Rydb.]
[Aster firmus Nees, Aster lucidulus (A. Gray) Wiegand, Aster puniceus f. lucidulus (A.Gray) Fernald, Aster puniceus subsp. firmus (Nees) A.G. Jones]
[Aster laevis L., Aster laevis var. abbreviatus Lunell, Aster laevis var. sourisensis Lunell, Aster laevis var. undulatifolius Lunell]
known only from type specimen (as A. laeviformis) collected at Lake Benton, Lincoln Co., 1891; rare historic record
[Aster laeviformis Rydberg]
[Aster chelonicus Lunell, Aster hesperius A. Gray, Aster jacobaeus Lunell, Aster lanceolatus Willd., Aster paniculatus Lam.]
[Aster hesperius A. Gray, Aster hesperius var. wootoni Greene]
known only from Itasca Co. (collected 2008)
[Aster simplex var. interior (Wiegand) Cronquist]
[Aster durus Lunell, Aster lautus Lunell, Aster lautus var. prionoides Lunell, Aster longulus E. Sheld., Aster paniculatus var. polychrous Lunell, Aster simplex Willd., Aster simplex var. ramosissimus (Torrey & A. Gray), Aster simplex var. simplex]
reported for Minnesota by FNA but no specimens at MIN; known from adjacent states and provinces
[Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton]
[Aster novae-angliae L.]
The flowers are visited primarily by long-tongued bees, bee flies, butterflies, and skippers. Short-tongued bees and Syrphid flies also visit the flowers, but they collect pollen primarily and are non-pollinating. Among the long-tongued bees, are such visitors as bumblebees, honeybees, Miner bees, and large Leaf-Cutting bees. Cross-pollination by these insects is essential, otherwise the seeds will be infertile. The caterpillars of many moths feed on various parts of this and other asters. Other insects feeding on this plant include Lygus lineolaris (Tarnished Plant Bug), Poccilocapsus lineatus (Four-Lined Plant Bug), Corythuche marmorata (Chrysanthemum Lace Bug), and Macrosiphum euphoriaca (Potato Aphid)., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ne_asterx.htm
[Aster junceus Aiton]
native to far eastern US; known only from Lake Co. (one population, collected 1952, consists of single poor specimen)
[Aster oblongifolius Nutt.]
Many insects visit the flowers, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, small to medium-sized butterflies, and skippers. These insects seek nectar primarily, although the bees also collect pollen. Many kinds of insects feed on the foliage and other parts of asters, including the caterpillars of the butterfly Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot) and many moth species., source: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/aromatic_asterx.htm